Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of older adults according to LAE change patterns.
| Low-low | Low-medium | Low-high | Medium-low | Medium-medium | Medium-high | High-low | High-medium | High-high | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of participants | 500 | 153 | 115 | 494 | 313 | 279 | 376 | 309 | 599 | |
| Age in years | 93.1 ± 7.4 | 88.7 ± 8.1 | 86.4 ± 9.0 | 91.05 ± 7.9 | 86.3 ± 8.4 | 83.7 ± 9.7 | 89.5 ± 8.7 | 84.3 ± 9.6 | 79.4 ± 8.5 | <0.001*** |
| Age group in years | <0.001*** | |||||||||
| Younger elderly | 20 (4.0) | 18 (11.8) | 22 (19.1) | 37 (7.5) | 58 (18.5) | 91 (32.6) | 42 (11.2) | 93 (30.1) | 322 (53.8) | |
| Octogenarian | 140 (28.0) | 63 (41.2) | 53 (46.1) | 170 (34.4) | 140 (44.7) | 115 (41.2) | 136 (36.2) | 122 (39.5) | 201 (33.6) | |
| Nonagenarian | 340 (68.0) | 72 (47.1) | 40 (34.8) | 287 (58.1) | 115 (36.7) | 73 (26.2) | 198 (52.7) | 94 (30.4) | 76 (12.7) | |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Male | 115 (23.0) | 49 (32.0) | 47 (40.9) | 122 (24.7) | 104 (33.2) | 99 (35.5) | 105 (27.9) | 108 (35.0) | 213 (35.6) | <0.001*** |
| Educational level | ||||||||||
| Years of schooling | 1.3 ± 8.9 | 0.8 ± 2.2 | 2.8 ± 13.1 | 1.1 ± 6.2 | 1.0 ± 5.3 | 1.9 ± 10.0 | 1.3 ± 1.0 | 1.6 ± 6.3 | 1.4 ± 2.8 | 0.335 |
| Location of residence | ||||||||||
| Urban residence | 181 (36.2) | 56 (36.6) | 30 (26.1) | 208 (42.1) | 107 (34.2) | 92 (33.0) | 134 (35.6) | 120 (38.8) | 215 (35.9) | 0.054 |
| Marital status | <0.001*** | |||||||||
| Married | 66 (13.2) | 39 (25.5) | 37 (32.2) | 69 (14.0) | 70 (22.4) | 83 (29.7) | 82 (21.8) | 93 (30.1) | 267 (44.6) | |
| Divorced/widowed /never | 407 (81.9) | 114 (74.5) | 78 (67.8) | 425 (86.0) | 242 (77.6) | 196 (70.3) | 294 (78.2) | 216 (69.9) | 332 (55.4) | |
| Economic status | 0.017* | |||||||||
| Favorable | 407 (81.9) | 117 (76.5) | 86 (74.8) | 404 (82.1) | 232 (74.6) | 205 (73.7) | 308 (82.1) | 237 (76.7) | 470 (78.9) | |
| Unfavorable | 90 (18.1) | 36 (23.5) | 29 (25.2) | 88 (17.9) | 79 (25.4) | 73 (26.3) | 67 (17.9) | 72 (23.3) | 126 (21.1) | |
| Number of people living with | 2.8 ± 2.2 | 2.5 ± 2.2 | 2.7 ± 2.2 | 2.7 ± 2.3 | 2.4 ± 2.3 | 2.3 ± 2.0 | 2.9 ± 5.6 | 2.4 ± 2.2 | 2.3 ± 2.2 | 0.005** |
| Living pattern | <0.001*** | |||||||||
| Living with family members | 420 (84.2) | 117 (76.5) | 92 (80.0) | 388 (78.7) | 214 (68.4) | 215 (77.1) | 307 (82.1) | 242 (78.3) | 476 (79.1) | |
| Alone | 69 (13.8) | 29 (19.0) | 21 (18.3) | 89 (18.1) | 81 (25.9) | 56 (20.1) | 60 (16.0) | 60 (19.4) | 118 (19.7) | |
| At nursing home | 10 (2.0) | 7 (4.6) | 2 (1.7) | 16 (3.2) | 18 (5.8) | 8 (2.9) | 7 (1.9) | 7 (2.3) | 7 (1.2) | |
| Functional status | ||||||||||
| ADL | 7.2 ± 2.3 | 6.7 ± 1.7 | 6.6 ± 1.4 | 6.5 ± 1.2 | 6.3 ± 0.8 | 6.2 ± 0.7 | 6.3 ± 1.0 | 6.2 ± 0.8 | 6.1 ± 0.4 | <0.001*** |
| IADL | 17.9 ± 5.0 | 15.8 ± 5.3 | 15.2 ± 5.1 | 14.7 ± 4.6 | 12.7 ± 4.1 | 12.3 ± 4.2 | 12.5 ± 4.1 | 10.9 ± 3.3 | 10.1 ± 2.7 | <0.001*** |
| Lifestyle | ||||||||||
| Smoke at present | 53 (10.6) | 24 (15.7) | 16 (13.9) | 67 (13.6) | 52 (16.7) | 38 (13.7) | 59 (15.7) | 56 (18.2) | 155 (25.9) | <0.001*** |
| Drink at present | 66 (13.2) | 17 (11.2) | 14 (12.3) | 60 (12.2) | 53 (16.9) | 45 (46.2) | 82 (21.9) | 59 (19.1) | 149 (24.9) | <0.001*** |
| Exercise at present | 39 (7.8) | 21 (13.7) | 14 (12.3) | 138 (28.0) | 80 (25.6) | 64 (23.0) | 135 (36.0) | 118 (38.2) | 229 (38.2) | <0.001*** |
| Chronic disease | ||||||||||
| Hypertension | 91 (18.9) | 35 (23.5) | 25 (22.7) | 106 (22.6) | 69 (23.0) | 55 (20.8) | 73 (0.4) | 68 (23.6) | 132 (23.3) | 0.772 |
| Diabetes | 9 (1.9) | 1 (0.7) | 1 (0.9) | 8 (1.7) | 8 (2.6) | 3 (1.1) | 6 (1.7) | 6 (2.1) | 12 (2.1) | 0.869 |
| Heart disease | 25 (5.2) | 13 (8.8) | 7 (6.4) | 34 (7.2) | 21 (6.9) | 11 (4.2) | 39 (11.0) | 26 (8.9) | 51 (9.0) | 0.026* |
| Stroke or CVD | 22 (4.6) | 5 (3.4) | 6 (5.3) | 25 (5.4) | 14 4.6) | 10 (3.8) | 18 (5.0) | 12 (4.2) | 28 (4.9) | 0.984 |
| Cataract | 55 (11.4) | 23 (15.8) | 9 (8.0) | 49 (10.4) | 39 (13.0) | 24 (9.1) | 34 (9.6) | 32 (11.0) | 47 (8.3) | 0.188 |
| Digestive system diseases | 21 (4.6) | 6 (4.2) | 8 (7.3) | 23 (5.3) | 10 (3.4) | 10 (3.9) | 17 (4.9) | 17 (6.0) | 31 (5.6) | 0.768 |
| Arthritis | 86 (17.8) | 23 (15.6) | 22 (20.0) | 96 (20.4) | 64 (21.0) | 55 (0.6) | 75 (20.8) | 69 (23.4) | 122 (21.4) | 0.627 |
| Parkinson's disease | 4 (0.9) | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0) | 3 (0.7) | 3 (1.0) | 2 (0.8) | 2 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.4) | 0.815 |
*
P < 0.05
**
P < 0.01
***
P < 0.001.