Figure 4 legend.

Structural equation model (SEM) depicting an indirect association between low socioeconomic status (SES) and asthma-related emergency room (ER)/urgent care (UC) visits mediated by high self-perceived stress. Numbers shown indicate pathway beta coefficients within the SEM. Those in red denote significant associations, while those in gray denote insignificant ones. The latent variable labeled “Low SES status” is composed of three SES domains: income- and household size-determined poverty status,^42,43 unemployment, and low educational level attainment. ER/UC visits are asthma related.