TABLE 2.

Comparison of Rate of Communication Behaviors per Minute of Encounter by Race, Ethnicity, and Language

	Black versus White Caregivers		English-Speaking Hispanic versus White Caregivers		Spanish-Speaking Latinx versus White Caregivers
	IRR (95% CI)c	aIRR (95% CI)	IRR (95% CI)c	aIRR (95% CI)	IRR (95% CI)c	aIRR (95% CI)
Medical team behaviors
Number open-ended questionsa	1.1 (0.7–1.9)	1.2 (0.7–2.1)	0.9 (0.6–1.3)	0.9 (0.6–1.5)	0.3 (0.1–0.7)*	0.3 (0.1,0.7)*
Number of reflections	1.3 (0.6–2.7)	1.5 (0.7–2.9)	1.7 (0.7–4.1)	1.9 (0.9–3.9)	0.4 (0.1–1.3)	0.3 (0.1–0.8)*
Number of empathetic statements or responsesa	0.9 (0.3–2.8)	0.8 (0.3,2.2)	0.3 (0.0–2.8)	0.4 (0.0,3.0)	0.3 (0.0–2.6)	0.3 (0.0,2.6)
Number of times elicited questionsa	1.9 (0.5–6.6)	1.9 (0.7–5.2)	2.3 (0.8–6.9)	2.2 (0.8–6.4)	1.1 (0.2–6.8)	1.2 (0.2–6.8)
Caregiver participatory behaviors
Number of times asked a question	0.7 (0.4–1.2)	0.7 (0.4–1.2)	0.6 (0.3–1.2)	0.5 (0.3–1.1)	0.4 (0.2–0.9)*	0.4 (0.2–0.9)*
Number of times gave an assertive response	0.5 (0.3–0.8)*	0.5 (0.3–0.8)*	0.6 (0.3–1.1)	0.6 (0.3–1.1)	0.3 (0.2–0.7)*	0.4 (0.2–0.7)*
Number of times caregiver expressed an emotion	0.6 (0.3–1.1)	0.7 (0.4–1.5)	0.2 (0.0–0.6)*	0.1 (0.0–0.5)*	0.1 (0.0–0.4)*	0.1 (0.0–0.5)*
Total caregiver participatory behaviors	0.6 (0.4–0.8)*	0.6 (0.4–0.9)*	0.5 (0.3–0.8)*	0.5 (0.3–0.8)*	0.3 (0.2–0.5)*	0.3 (0.2–0.6)*

Incident rate ratio (IRR; rate of behavior per minute of encounter) and 95% confidence intervals are from unadjusted models. Covariates include child age (11 or older) and prior hospitalization (yes). aIRR, adjusted incident rate ratio.

^aMarginal model estimation accounted for clustering.

^*P value < .05.