Figure 2.

Examples of vascularized tissue chips for different organ systems. (A) Tissue chip example of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The 3D-BBB contains a microvascular network that forms through a fibrin gel via vasculogenesis. Adapted from (31) with permission; copyright Elsevier Science & Technology Journals. (B) Small airway-on-a-chip example. The tissue chip contains blood and air channels separated by a porous membrane. Pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells line the blood channel and are exposed to fluid flow. Adapted from (32) with permission; Copyright © 2015, Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited (CC-BY). (C) Example of a glomerulus-on-a-chip. The chip contains capillary, gel, and collection channels, with glomerular endothelial cells cultured in the capillary channel and exposed to fluid flow. Adapted from (33) with permission from Royal Society of Chemistry. (D) Tissue chip example of the liver. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and Kupffer cells are cultured in a vascular chamber, which is separated from a hepatic chamber by a porous membrane. Both chambers have fluid flow rates that are representative of the flow experienced in vivo. Adapted from (34) with permission from the Royal Society of Chemistry.