TiO₂ nanorod-based DSSCs.

DSSC Type	Author	Photoelectrode and method of preparation	Sensitizer	Electrolyte	Efficiency	Ref.
DSSC with TiO2 nanorods	Jiu et al.	TiO2 single crystalline anatase nanorods prepared by a surfactant assisted hydrothermal method	N719	LiI, 1,2-dimethyl-3-n-propylimidazolium iodide (DMPII), I2, and 4-tert-butylpyridine (TBP) in methoxyacetonitride	7.06%	148
DSSC with TiO2 nanorods	Jiu et al.	Highly crystalline TiO2 nanorods synthesized by a hydrothermal process in a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide surfactant solution	N719	LiI, 1,2-dimethyl-3-n-propylimidazolium iodide (DMPII), I2, and 4-tert-butylpyridine (TBP) in methoxyacetonitride	7.29%	147
DSSC with TiO2 nanorods	Yao et al.	Monodispersed Nd-doped TiO2 nanorods were synthesized by solvothermal methods	N719	LiI, I2, and 4-tert-butylpyridine in 3-methoxypropionitrile	4.4%	183
DSSC with TiO2 nanorods	Fujihara et al.	TiO2 nanorods were obtained by mechanical grinding of electrospun TiO2 nanofibers	N3 Solaronix	Acetonitrile containing lithium iodide, iodine, 4-tert-butylpyridine and 1-propyl-2,3-dimethyl imidazolium iodide	5.8%	173
DSSC with TiO2 nanorods	Jose et al.	TiO2 nanorods by electrospinning	D131, D102, D149 & N3	Acetonitrile containing lithium iodide, iodine, 4-tert-butylpyridine, and 1-propyl-2,3-dimethyl imidazolium iodide	5.1%	190
DSSC with TiO2 nanorods	Kang et al.	TiO2 nanorods prepared by an oriented attachment approach	N719	1-Methyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide (MPII), LiI, I2, and tert-butyl pyridine (TBP) in methoxypropionitrile (MPN)	6.2%	191
DSSC with TiO2 nanorods	Lee et al.	TiO2 nanorod based photoelectrodes prepared by a combination of sol–gel chemistry and electrospinning	N719	1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide, iodine, guanidinium thiocyanate, and 4-tert-butylpyridine in acetonitrile/valeronitrile	9.52%	174
DSSC with TiO2 nanorods	Liu et al.	Oriented single-crystalline rutile TiO2 nanorod films prepared by a hydrothermal method	N719	1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide, I2, tert-butylpyridine, and guanidinium thiocyanate in acetonitrile/valeronitrile	3.0%	161
DSSC with TiO2 nanorods	De Marco et al.	TiO2 anatase nanorods prepared by a simple one-step solvothermal method	N719	LiI, I2, 1-methyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide, and tert-butylpyridine in dried acetonitrile	7.9%	149
DSSC with TiO2 nanorods	Hafez et al.	TiO2 nanorod/nanoparticle (NR/NP) bilayer electrode prepared by a hydrothermal method	N719	Tetrapropylammonium iodide, iodine, lithium iodide, and 4-tert-butylpyridine in acetonitrile	7.1%	150
DSSC with a TiO2 NP/NR composite	Saji et al.	TiO2 NPs and NRs were prepared by a surfactant-assisted thermal method	N3	LiI, I2, and tert-butyl pyridine in 3-methoxy propionitrile	4.89%	172
DSSC with TiO2 NRs/NPs	Fan et al.	Anatase TiO2 fusiform nanorod/NP photoanode prepared by a two step hydrothermal process	N719	LiI, I2 and 4-tert-butylpyridine in 1 : 1 acetonitrile propylene carbonate	4.68%	151
DSSC with TiO2 NRs/NPs	Huang et al.	Rutile TiO2 nanorod-array films grown from a mixed acid medium by a hydrothermal reaction	(2-Cyano-3-{5′-[1-cyano-2-(1,1,6,6-tetramethyl-10-oxo-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-1H,4H,10H-11-oxa-3a-aza-benzo-[de]anthracen-9-yl)-vinyl]-[2,2′]bithiophenyl-5-yl}-acrylic acid	LiI, I2, DMPImI, and TBP using dehydrated AN as the solvent	4.03%	152
DSSC with TiO2 NRs/NPs	Chatterjee et al.	1 : 1 TiO2 NR-NP composites prepared by a hydrothermal technique with a hydrogen titanate nanorod precursor	N719	LiI, I2 and 4-t-butylpyridine in acetonitrile	8.61%	171
DSSC with TiO2 nanorod arrays	Shao et al.	Fan-shaped rectangular parallelepiped TiO2 rods were prepared by an alkali hydrothermal method	N719	LiI, I2, and tert-butylpyridine in acetonitrile	6.0%	153
DSSC with branched rutile TiO2 nanorod arrays	Wang et al.	Rutile TiO2 nano-branched arrays grown directly on transparent conductive glass (FTO) by a facile two-step wet chemical synthesis process	N719	1,2-Dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide, I2, guanidinium thiocyanate, and 4-tert-butylpyridine	3.75%	176
DSSC with TiO2 nanorod arrays	Wang et al.	One dimensional TiO2 nanorod arrays prepared by a hydrothermal method	N719, C218 and D205	1-Propyl-3-methylimidiazolium iodide,I2, guanidinium thiocyanate, NaI, and N-methyl benzimidazole in 3-methoxypropionitrile	1.51%(C218)	178
DSSC with TiO2 nanorod cloths	Wang et al.	Single-crystal nanorod assembled TiO2 cloth with carbon cloth as a template were prepared by a rapid microwave heating process	N719	DMPII, LiI, I2 and 4-TBP in methoxypropionitrile	2.21%	192
DSSC with TiO2 nanorods	Yang et al.	Single crystalline rutile nanorods grown on top of a fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate via a microwave assisted hydrothermal reaction	N719	Iodolyte AN-50, (Solaronix)	3.7%	193
DSSC with a Au NP deposited TiO2 nanorod array	Ghaffari et al.	Au nanoparticles were loaded onto the surface of hydrothermally prepared TiO2 nanorods via a photochemical reduction process	N719	Guanidinium thiocyanate (GuSCN), I2, 4-tert-butylpyridine (TBP) and butylmethylimidazolium iodide (BMII) in a mixture of acetonitrile and valeronitrile	0.94%	181
DSSC with a TiO2 nanorod array	Guo et al.	Rectangular bunched rutile TiO2 nanorod arrays grown on carbon fiber by an acid corrosion method	N719	LiI, I2, and 4-tert-butylpyridine in 3-methoxypropionitrile	1.28%	177
DSSC with TiO2 nanorods	Liu et al.	Anatase TiO2 nanorods were prepared by a facile two-phase hydrothermal method	N719	LiI, I2, 1-methyl- 3-propylimidazolium iodide, and tert-butylpyridine in dried acetonitrile	6.37%	154
DSSC with a spherical TiO2 nanorod-aggregate light-scattering layer	Liu et al.	Bilayer-structured photoelectrode film with spherical TiO2 nanorod aggregates as a light-scattering overlayer and nanocrystalline TiO2 as an underlayer prepared by a hydrothermal method	N719	LiI, I2, 1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide, and 4-tert-butylpyridine in acetonitrile	6.1%	155
DSSC with TiO2 nanorods having a composite structure	Chen et al.	Ultraporous anatase TiO2 nanorods fabricated by a simple microemulsion electrospinning approach	N719	I2, LiI, 1-methyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide (PMII), guanidinium thiocyanate, and tert butylpyridine in a mixture of acetonitrile/valeronitrile	8.53%	166
DSSC with a spherical TiO2 nanorod-aggregate light-scattering layer	Rui et al.	TiO2 microspheres assembled by single crystalline rutile TiO2 nanorods were synthesized by one-pot solvothermal treatment	N719	I2, LiI, 1-methyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide (PMII), guanidinium thiocyanate, and tert-butylpyridine in a mixture of acetonitrile/valeronitrile	8.22%	156
DSSC with TiO2 nanorods and MWCNTs	Yang et al.	MWCNTs are introduced into TiO2 nanorods by electrospinning	N719	I2, LiI, 1-methyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide (PMII) and 4-tert-butylpyridine in a mixture of acetonitrile/valeronitrile	10.24%	175
DSSC with a TiO2 nanorod based network structure	Yu et al.	Three dimensional rutile-nanorod-based network structure was developed by a facile two-step hydrothermal process	N719	Organic-based liquid electrolyte (HPE) that contained a I−/I3− redox couple was supplied by Dyesol (Australia)	6.31%	157
DSSC with a TiO2 nanorod/nanoparticle (NRP) structure	Shao et al.	NRP structured photoanodes prepared by electrophoretic deposition (EPD)	N719	LiI, I2 and tert-butylpyridine in acetonitrile	4.35%	167
DSSC with TiO2 nanorods	Zhang et al.	Single crystal-like anatase TiO2 nanorods with a specific growth direction are prepared by a hydrothermal method	Z907	1,3-Dimethylimidazolium iodide, LiI, and I2 in a mixture of acetonitrile and valeronitrile	8.87%	158
DSSC with a bilayered TiO2 photoanode	Li et al.	Bi-layer photoanode consisting of a hierarchical structure of one dimensional nanorods and three dimensional TiO2 was prepared by a hydrothermal method	N719	LiI, I2, 1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide (DMPII) and 4-tert-butylpyridine (4-TBP)	5.61%	168
DSSC with TiO2 nanorods	Liu et al.	Single-crystalline anatase TiO2 nanorods were prepared by a solvothermal method	N719	LiI, I2,dimethylpropylimidazolium iodide (DMPImI) and tert-butylpyridine in dry acetonitrile	8.66%	159
DSSC with TiO2 nanorod arrays	Yuan et al.	Vertically ordered single-crystalline TiO2 nanorod arrays (NRAs) were prepared by a combination of hydrothermal and etching methods	N719	LiI, I2, 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide and tert-butylpyridine in dry acetonitrile	4.69%	182
DSSC with TiO2 nanorod arrays	Iraj et al.	Vertically aligned rutile TiO2 nanorod arrays were synthesized by a hydrothermal method	N719	LiI, I2, 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide and tert-butylpyridine in dry acetonitrile	1.86%	165
DSSC with TiO2 nanorods	Kathirvel et al.	Monodispersed TiO2 nanorods were prepared using a simple solvothermal process	N719	Lithium iodide, iodine, 4-tert-butylpyridine and 1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide was dissolved in acetonitrile	9.21%	160
DSSC with TiO2 nanorods	Tang et al.	Single-crystalline anatase TiO2 nanorods with a high aspect ratio	N719	LiI, I2, dimethylpropylimidazolium iodide (DMPImI) and tert-butylpyridine in a dry mixed solution	7.51%	189
DSSC with TiO2 nanorods	Guli et al.	TiO2 nanorod arrays were synthesised through a facile one-step solvothermal route without any surfactant and template	N719		1.68%	163
DSSC with branched hierarchical TiO2 nanorod arrays	Hu et al.	Rutile branched hierarchical TiO2 nanorod arrays were prepared by a facile two-step hydrothermal method	N719	LiI, I2, 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide and tert-butylpyridine in dry acetonitrile	2.01	164
DSSC with TiO2/ZnO nanoflowers and TiO2 nanorod array	Chen et al.	Double layered photoanode having an overlayer of a TiO2 NR array and underlayer of a TiO2 embedded ZnO nanoflower array by a sol–gel method	N719	LiI, I2 and LiClO4 in acetonitrile	8.01%	185
DSSC with rutile TiO2 nanorods incorporated with α alumina	Sriharan et al.	Rutile TiO2 nanorods incorporated with α alumina were developed on an FTO surface via a hydrothermal route	N719	KI, I2 and 4-tert-butyl pyridine	6.5%	186
DSSC with a 3 dimensional hierarchical TiO2 nanorod array wrapped with rGO	Subramaniam et al.	Three dimensional hierarchial TiO2 nanorod arrays with a layer of rGO wrapping prepared by an in situ hydrothermal method	N719	LiI/I2 in acetonitrile	4.54%	187
DSSC with PANI wrapped rutile TiO2 nanorods	Roy et al.	Hydrothermal derived rutile TiO2 NRs wrapped with an in situ deposited layer of PANI	N719	1-Methylbenzimidazole (NMB) was mixed with a 1 : 1 volume ratio of acetonitrile and 3-methoxypropionitrile (MPN) solution followed by the addition of LiI, tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI), and I2	4.28%	188