Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of the study population*.
| Characteristic | All | EA | Control | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 110) | (n = 55)† | (n = 55)† | ||
| Age, y | 0.054 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 110 (0) | 55 (0) | 55 (0) | |
| Mean±SD | 32.60 ± 3.93 | 32.56 ± 4.27 | 32.77 ± 3.58 | |
| Min–Max | 24–42 | 24–42 | 23.61–40.43 | |
| Median (IQR) | 32.0 (5.0) | 32.10 (6.78) | 33.44 (4.90) | |
| Height, m | 0.443 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 110 (0) | 55 (0) | 55 (0) | |
| Mean±SD | 160.35 ± 4.88 | 160.00 ± 5.33 | 160.69 ± 4.41 | |
| Min–Max | 150–171 | 150–171 | 150–170 | |
| Median (IQR) | 160 (7.3) | 160 (8) | 160 (6) | |
| Mean weight before this pregnancy, kg | 0.268 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 110 (0) | 55 (0) | 55 (0) | |
| Mean±SD | 53.92 ± 6.97 | 52.98 ± 7.20 | 54.85 ± 6.67 | |
| Min–Max | 42–75 | 42–70 | 42–75 | |
| Median (IQR) | 53 (11) | 52 (9) | 55 (10) | |
| Weight before this prenatal, kg | 0.823 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 110 (0) | 55 (0) | 55 (0) | |
| Mean±SD | 68.51 ± 8.07 | 67.71 ± 7.96 | 69.31 ± 8.17 | |
| Min–Max | 52–98 | 53–89 | 52–98 | |
| Median (IQR) | 68.0 (8.9) | 68 (9.2) | 70 (8) | |
| Weight after childbirth, kg | 0.729 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 110 (0) | 55 (0) | 55 (0) | |
| Mean±SD | 61.32 ± 7.95 | 59.99 ± 7.39 | 62.65 ± 8.32 | |
| Min–Max | 44–89 | 44–80 | 46–89 | |
| Median (IQR) | 60.0 (9.25) | 60.0 (10.5) | 62.0 (10.0) | |
| Mean BMI before this pregnancy, kg/m 2 | 0.598 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 110 (0) | 55 (0) | 55 (0) | |
| Mean±SD | 20.99 ± 2.41 | 20.67 ± 2.42 | 21.48 ± 2.86 | |
| Min–Max | 16.41–27.34 | 17.01–27.34 | 16.41–31.22 | |
| Median (IQR) | 20.50 (3.06) | 20.31 (2.77) | 21.64 (4.02) | |
| BMI before this prenatal, kg/m 2 | 0.921 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 110 (0) | 55 (0) | 55 (0) | |
| Mean±SD | 26.62 ± 2.68 | 26.42 ± 2.53 | 27.18 ± 3.86 | |
| Min–Max | 20.96–35.56 | 20.96–33.20 | 20.31–40.79 | |
| Median (IQR) | 26.37 (2.92) | 25.89 (2.52) | 27.24 (4.86) | |
| BMI after childbirth, kg/m 2 | 0.453 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 110 (0) | 55 (0) | 55 (0) | |
| Mean±SD | 23.83 ± 2.74 | 23.40 ± 2.41 | 24.57 ± 3.83 | |
| Min–Max | 17.42–32.30 | 18.31–28.76 | 18.07–37.04 | |
| Median (IQR) | 23.44 (3.35) | 23.03 (2.88) | 24.38 (4.44) | |
| Baby's birth weight, kg | 0.330 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 110 (0) | 55 (0) | 55 (0) | |
| Mean±SD | 3.42 ± 0.51 | 3.42 ± 0.47 | 3.42 ± 0.55 | |
| Min–Max | 2.07–6.0 | 2.07–4.56 | 2.5–6.0 | |
| Median (IQR) | 3.4 (0.7) | 3.42 (0.71) | 3.40 (0.64) | |
| Delivery mode, n (%) | 0.529 | |||
| Spontaneous vaginal delivery | 59 (53.6) | 28 (50.9) | 31 (56.4) | |
| Cesarean section | 51 (46.4) | 27 (49.1) | 24 (43.6) | |
| Past medical history, n (%) | 0.782 | |||
| Yes | 15 (13.6) | 7 (12.7) | 8 (14.5) | |
| No | 95 (86.4) | 48 (87.3) | 47 (85.5) | |
| Medication history, n (%) | 0.697 | |||
| Yes | 7 (6.4) | 3 (5.5) | 4 (7.3) | |
| No | 103 (93.6) | 52 (94.5) | 51 (92.7) | |
| Allergic history, n (%) | 0.142 | |||
| Yes | 13 (11.8) | 4 (7.3) | 9 (16.4) | |
| No | 97 (88.2) | 51 (92.7) | 46 (83.6) | |
| Previous abdominal surgery, n (%) | 0.708 | |||
| Yes | 55 (50.0) | 30 (54.5) | 25 (45.5) | |
| No | 55 (50.0) | 25 (45.5) | 30 (54.5) | |
| Number of pregnancies | 0.868 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 110 (0) | 55 (0) | 55 (0) | |
| Mean±SD | 1.91 ± 1.09 | 1.93 ± 1.21 | 1.89 ± 0.96 | |
| Min–Max | 1–7 | 1–7 | 1–5 | |
| Median (IQR) | 2 (1) | 1 (1) | 2 (1) | |
| Number of deliveries | 0.478 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 110 (0) | 55 (0) | 55 (0) | |
| Mean±SD | 1.47 ± 0.57 | 1.45 ± 0.57 | 1.49 ± 0.57 | |
| Min–Max | 1–3 | 1–3 | 1–3 | |
| Median (IQR) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | |
| Multiple or twin pregnancies, n (%) | 0.978 | |||
| Yes | 2 (1.8) | 1 (1.8) | 1 (1.8) | |
| No | 108 (98.2) | 54 (98.2) | 54 (98.2) | |
| Exercise habits, n (%) | 0.912 | |||
| Yes | 28 (25.5) | 13 (23.6) | 15 (27.3) | |
| No | 82 (74.5) | 42 (76.4) | 40 (72.7) | |
| Weight-bearing activity, n (%) | 0.619 | |||
| Yes | 105 (95.5) | 53 (96.4) | 52 (94.5) | |
| No | 5 (4.5) | 2 (3.6) | 3 (5.5) | |
| Fetal head circumference, mm | 0.159 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 110 (0) | 55 (0) | 55 (0) | |
| Mean±SD | 33.15 ± 0.62 | 33.18 ± 0.50 | 33.13 ± 0.72 | |
| Min–Max | 32.0–38.0 | 32.0–35.5 | 32–28 | |
| Median (IQR) | 33 (0) | 33 (0) | 33 (0) | |
| Supraumbilical IRD, cm§ | 0.920 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 110 (0) | 55 (0) | 55 (0) | |
| Mean±SD | 1.41 ± 1.27 | 1.26 ± 1.13 | 1.56 ± 1.39 | |
| Min–Max | 0–7 | 0–3 | 0–7 | |
| Median (IQR) | 1.5 (2.0) | 1.0 (2.0) | 1.5 (3.0) | |
| IRD at the horizontal line of umbilicus, cm | 0.051 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 110 (0) | 55 (0) | 55 (0) | |
| Mean±SD | 2.84 ± 0.80 | 2.74 ± 0.75 | 2.94 ± 0.85 | |
| Min–Max | 1.0–7.0 | 1.5–5.0 | 1.0–7.0 | |
| Median (IQR) | 3.0 (0.5) | 3.0 (1.0) | 3.0 (0.5) | |
| IRD at the midpoint of the umbilical and pubic symphysis line, cm | 0.654 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 110 (0) | 55 (0) | 55 (0) | |
| Mean±SD | 0.18 ± 0.59 | 0.18 ± 0.62 | 0.18 ± 0.57 | |
| Min–Max | 0–3 | 0–3 | 0–3 | |
| Median (IQR) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Time to pregnancy, weeks | 0.524 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 109 (1) | 55 (0) | 55 (0) | |
| Mean±SD | 38.87 ± 1.31 | 38.85 ± 1.38 | 54.85 ± 6.67 | |
| Min–Max | 34–42 | 34–42 | 42–75 | |
| Median (IQR) | 39 (2) | 39 (2) | 55 (10) | |
| Time to postpartum, days | 0.875 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 110 (0) | 55 (0) | 55 (0) | |
| Mean±SD | 116.98 ± 78.05 | 118.07 ± 78.83 | 115.89 ± 77.97 | |
| Min–Max | 43–363 | 43–346 | 43–363 | |
| Median (IQR) | 87.0 (83.8) | 87.0 (77.0) | 88 (88) | |
| Educational level, n (%) | 0.161 | |||
| Primary education or less | 5 (4.5) | 4 (7.3) | 1 (1.8) | |
| Secondary education | 9 (8.2) | 6 (10.9) | 3 (5.5) | |
| Tertiary education | 96 (87.3) | 45 (81.8) | 51 (92.7) | |
| Occupation before this pregnancy, n (%) | 0.797 | |||
| Yes (including the women who were on sick leave) | 107 (97.3) | 54 (98.2) | 53 (96.4) | |
| No (homemaker, job seeker or student) | 3 (2.7) | 1 (1.8) | 2 (3.6) | |
| Low back pain, n (%) | 0.068 | |||
| Yes | 94 (85.5) | 46 (83.6) | 48 (87.3) | |
| No | 16 (14.5) | 9 (16.4) | 7 (12.7) | |
| Pelvic girdle pain, n (%)‡ | 109 (1) | 55 (0) | 54 (1) | 0.792 |
| Yes | 59 (53.6) | 26 (47.3) | 33 (60.0) | |
| No | 50 (45.5) | 29 (52.7) | 21 (38.2) | |
| Urine leakage, n (%) | 0.248 | |||
| Yes | 59 (53.6) | 28 (50.9) | 31 (56.4) | |
| No | 51 (46.4) | 27 (49.1) | 24 (43.6) | |
| Urinary frequency, n (%) | 0.061 | |||
| Yes | 49 (44.5) | 21 (38.2) | 28 (50.9) | |
| No | 61 (55.5) | 34 (61.8) | 27 (49.1) | |
| Sexual dysfunction, n (%) | 0.487 | |||
| Yes | 34 (30.9) | 15 (27.3) | 19 (34.5) | |
| No | 76 (69.1) | 40 (72.7) | 36 (65.5) | |
| Chronic pelvic pain, n (%) | 0.548 | |||
| Yes | 10 (9.1) | 5 (9.1) | 5 (9.1) | |
| No | 100 (90.9) | 50 (90.9) | 50 (90.9) | |
| Constipation, n (%) | 0.847 | |||
| Yes | 54 (49.1) | 28 (50.9) | 26 (47.3) | |
| No | 56 (50.9) | 27 (49.1) | 29 (52.7) | |
| Urinary urgency, n (%) | 0.098 | |||
| Yes | 27 (24.5) | 16 (29.1) | 11 (20.0) | |
| No | 83 (75.5) | 39 (70.9) | 44 (80.0) | |
| Pelvic organ prolapses, n (%) | 0.467 | |||
| 1 | 42 (38.2) | 21 (38.2) | 21 (38.2) | |
| 2 | 65 (59.1) | 34 (61.8) | 31 (56.4) | |
| 3 | 3 (2.7) | 0 | 3 (5.5) | |
| Supraumbilical AC at supine position, cm§ | 0.645 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 110 (0) | 55 (0) | 55 (0) | |
| Mean±SD | 79.64 ± 6.30 | 78.27 ± 5.45 | 81.0 ± 6.82 | |
| Min–Max | 64.0–97.5 | 66.0–95.5 | 64.0–97.5 | |
| Median (IQR) | 79.5 (6.0) | 79.0 (4.5) | 81.0 (8.7) | |
| AC at the horizontal line of umbilicus in supine position, cm | 0.927 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 110 (0) | 55 (0) | 55 (0) | |
| Mean±SD | 83.16 ± 6.93 | 81.56 ± 6.26 | 84.77 ± 7.24 | |
| Min–Max | 66.5–102.8 | 68.0–96.0 | 66.5–102.8 | |
| Median (IQR) | 83.0 (7.8) | 82.8 (6.5) | 85.5 (9.8) | |
| AC at the midpoint of the umbilical and pubic symphysis line in supine position, cm | 0.726 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 110 (0) | 55 (0) | 55 (0) | |
| Mean±SD | 85.39 ± 6.47 | 83.80 ± 5.59 | 86.97 ± 6.93 | |
| Min–Max | 70–105 | 72–101 | 70–105 | |
| Median (IQR) | 85.5 (6.9) | 84.3 (6.8) | 86.0 (9.0) | |
| HC at supine position, cm | 0.876 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 110 (0) | 55 (0) | 55 (0) | |
| Mean±SD | 91.42 ± 5.58 | 90.06 ± 5.10 | 92.78 ± 5.76 | |
| Min–Max | 78.0–106.5 | 78.0–104.7 | 81.0–106.5 | |
| Median (IQR) | 91.0 (6.63) | 90.0 (5.5) | 93.5 (6.5) | |
| Supraumbilical AC at standing position, cm§ | 0.261 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 85 (25) | 44 (11) | 41 (14) | |
| Mean±SD | 78.44 ± 6.68 | 77.28 ± 6.08 | 79.67 ± 7.14 | |
| Min–Max | 64.0–96.5 | 64.0–94.8 | 65.0–96.5 | |
| Median (IQR) | 77.5 (7.9) | 77.0 (7.9) | 79.0 (8.85) | |
| AC at the horizontal line of umbilicus in standing position, cm | 0.509 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 85 (25) | 44 (11) | 41 (14) | |
| Mean±SD | 88.38 ± 7.45 | 87.25 ± 7.14 | 89.60 ± 7.67 | |
| Min–Max | 70–109 | 70–103 | 71–109 | |
| Median (IQR) | 88.0 (9.1) | 88.0 (7.8) | 89.0 (10.8) | |
| AC at the midpoint of the umbilical and pubic symphysis line in standing position, cm | 0.717 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 85 (25) | 44 (11) | 41 (14) | |
| Mean±SD | 91.91 ± 6.35 | 90.43 ± 5.52 | 93.50 ± 6.84 | |
| Min–Max | 75.0–110.5 | 79.5–106.0 | 75.0–110.5 | |
| Median (IQR) | 92.0 (7.5) | 90.3 (6.7) | 93.5 (8.9) | |
| HC at standing position, cm | 0.086 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 84 (26) | 44 (11) | 40 (15) | |
| Mean±SD | 93.36 ± 6.06 | 91.82 ± 5.90 | 95.07 ± 5.84 | |
| Min–Max | 78.0–111.5 | 78.0–105.5 | 84.0–111.5 | |
| Median (IQR) | 93.5 (7.8) | 92.3 (6.9) | 95.3 (7.3) | |
| Abdominal static endurance, s | 0.902 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 76 (34) | 41 (14) | 35 (20) | |
| Mean±SD | 8.49 ± 22.16 | 9.95 ± 26.84 | 6.77 ± 15.17 | |
| Min–Max | 0–150 | 0–150 | 0–71 | |
| Median (IQR) | 0 (4.5) | 0 (3) | 0 (10) | |
| Abdominal dynamic endurance | 0.062 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 74 (36) | 40 (15) | 34 (21) | |
| Mean±SD | 3.31 ± 7.03 | 3.00 ± 6.34 | 3.68 ± 7.84 | |
| Min–Max | 0–28 | 0–22 | 0–28 | |
| Median (IQR) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (1.75) | |
| Left side of umbilics skinfold thickness, mm | 0.667 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 110 (0) | 55 (0) | 55 (0) | |
| Mean±SD | 40.48 ± 14.93 | 39.42 ± 15.30 | 41.55 ± 14.61 | |
| Min–Max | 10–90 | 11–90 | 10–74 | |
| Median (IQR) | 39.5 (20.0) | 36 (23) | 40 (20) | |
| Right side of umbilics skinfold thickness, mm | 0.974 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 110 (0) | 55 (0) | 55 (0) | |
| Mean±SD | 41.84 ± 14.79 | 40.02 ± 15.45 | 43.65 ± 14.0 | |
| Min–Max | 11–90 | 11–90 | 13–73 | |
| Median (IQR) | 41.5 (19.3) | 37 (17) | 44 (17) | |
| Right skinfold thickness of triceps brachii, mm | 0.347 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 81 (29) | 42 (13) | 39 (16) | |
| Mean±SD | 37.67 ± 9.38 | 39.21 ± 10.50 | 36.0 ± 7.79 | |
| Min–Max | 15–65 | 15–65 | 15–52 | |
| Median (IQR) | 38.0 (13.0) | 40.0 (16.3) | 37.0 (9.0) | |
| Right skinfold thickness of scapula, mm | 0.219 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 81 (29) | 42 (13) | 39 (16) | |
| Mean±SD | 36.07 ± 10.30 | 36.93 ± 10.44 | 35.15 ± 10.21 | |
| Min–Max | 15–62 | 20–62 | 15–60 | |
| Median (IQR) | 35.0 (14.5) | 35.5 (15.3) | 34.0 (14.0) | |
| IRD at the midpoint of umbilicus and xiphoid process in the resting state, cmΔ | 0.445 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 110 (0) | 55 (0) | 55 (0) | |
| Mean±SD | 22.21 ± 10.83 | 20.60 ± 7.38 | 23.81 ± 13.31 | |
| Min–Max | 7–97 | 10–36 | 7–97 | |
| Median (IQR) | 21 (12) | 20 (12) | 23 (12) | |
| IRD at the midpoint of umbilicus and xiphoid process in head-up and flexed knee state, cmΔ | 0.544 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 110 (0) | 55 (0) | 55 (0) | |
| Mean±SD | 18.13 ± 9.67 | 17.32 ± 6.88 | 18.95 ± 11.84 | |
| Min–Max | 4–90 | 5–34 | 4–90 | |
| Median (IQR) | 17 (10) | 17 (9) | 16 (11) | |
| IRD at the midpoint of umbilicus and xiphoid process in end-expiratory state, cmΔ | 0.288 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 110 (0) | 55 (0) | 55 (0) | |
| Mean±SD | 23.88 ± 11.84 | 21.95 ± 8.00 | 25.81 ± 14.55 | |
| Min–Max | 7–104 | 10–40 | 7–104 | |
| Median (IQR) | 22 (14) | 22 (13) | 24 (15) | |
| IRD at the horizontal line of umbilicus in the resting state, cmΔ | 0.749 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 110 (0) | 55 (0) | 55 (0) | |
| Mean±SD | 36.57 ± 13.73 | 34.88 ± 9.78 | 38.26 ± 16.70 | |
| Min–Max | 21–114 | 21–69 | 21–114 | |
| Median (IQR) | 34 (14) | 34 (12) | 34 (16) | |
| IRD at the horizontal line of umbilicus in head-up and flexed knee state, cmΔ | 0.540 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 110 (0) | 55 (0) | 55 (0) | |
| Mean±SD | 26.94 ± 9.75 | 26.06 ± 8.67 | 27.83 ± 10.73 | |
| Min–Max | 10–80 | 14–65 | 10–80 | |
| Median (IQR) | 25.0 (9.3) | 25 (9) | 25 (9) | |
| IRD at the horizontal line of umbilicus in end-expiratory state, cmΔ | 0.708 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 110 (0) | 55 (0) | 55 (0) | |
| Mean±SD | 38.38 ± 14.69 | 36.49 ± 11.04 | 40.27 ± 17.50 | |
| Min–Max | 21–118 | 21–72 | 22–118 | |
| Median (IQR) | 35 (14) | 35 (13) | 28 (16) | |
| IRD at the midpoint of between umbilicus and pubic symphysis, cmΔ | – | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 110 (0) | 55 (0) | 55 (0) | |
| Mean±SD | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Min–Max | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Median (IQR) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Left abdominal skinfold, mmΔ | 0.454 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 15 (95) | 4 (51) | 11 (44) | |
| Mean±SD | 20.47 ± 4.44 | 20.25 ± 1.50 | 20.55 ± 5.18 | |
| Min–Max | 14–30 | 19–22 | 14–30 | |
| Median (IQR) | 20.0 (6.0) | 20.0 (2.8) | 20 (8) | |
| Right abdominal skinfold, mmΔ | 0.260 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 15 (95) | 4 (51) | 11 (44) | |
| Mean±SD | 19.93 ± 3.58 | 19.75 ± 0.96 | 20.0 ± 4.20 | |
| Min–Max | 15–26 | 19–21 | 15–26 | |
| Median (IQR) | 19.0 (7.0) | 19.5 (1.8) | 19 (8) | |
| The mean values of pre-baseline at the period of calm | 0.043 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 109 (1) | 55 (0) | 54 (1) | |
| Mean±SD | 7.10 ± 3.91 | 7.02 ± 4.43 | 7.18 ± 3.35 | |
| Min–Max | 0.58–23.16 | 1.14–23.16 | 0.28–14.91 | |
| Median (IQR) | 6.2 (5.1) | 5.7 (5.8) | 6.81 (4.54) | |
| The mean values of fast muscle at the period of systolic | 0.427 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 109 (1) | 55 (0) | 54 (1) | |
| Mean±SD | 27.88 ± 11.42 | 28.55 ± 10.37 | 27.20 ± 12.46 | |
| Min–Max | 5.09–49.61 | 9.12–48.83 | 5.09–49.61 | |
| Median (IQR) | 28.2 (18.2) | 28.5 (17.8) | 27.1 (20.66) | |
| The mean values of comprehensive muscle at the period of systolic | 0.005 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 109 (1) | 55 (0) | 54 (1) | |
| Mean±SD | 20.74 ± 10.74 | 20.48 ± 10.20 | 21.01 ± 11.35 | |
| Min–Max | 3.16–43.76 | 3.19–40.84 | 3.16–43.76 | |
| Median (IQR) | 18.6 (17.2) | 18.2 (17.1) | 18.7 (18.42) | |
| The mean values of slow muscle at the period of systolic | 0.001 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 109 (1) | 55 (0) | 54 (1) | |
| Mean±SD | 18.13 ± 9.72 | 17.40 ± 9.06 | 18.87 ± 10.39 | |
| Min–Max | 2.85–40.50 | 2.85–40.50 | 4.12–38.97 | |
| Median (IQR) | 16.4 (14.2) | 16.1 (13.3) | 16.61 (15.77) | |
| The mean values of post-baseline at the period of calm | 0.225 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 109 (1) | 55 (0) | 54 (1) | |
| Mean±SD | 6.47 ± 3.78 | 6.24 ± 3.66 | 6.70 ± 3.69 | |
| Min–Max | 0.58–19.12 | 1.21–19.12 | 0.58–16.52 | |
| Median (IQR) | 6.5 (5.2) | 5.8 (4.3) | 6.6 (4.9) | |
| Leeds dyspepsia questionnaire | 0.716 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 110 | 55 | 55 | |
| Mean±SD | 6.55 ± 1.22 | 6.49 ± 1.09 | 6.60 ± 1.34 | |
| Min–Max | 6–13 | 6–12 | 6–13 | |
| Median (IQR) | 6.0 (0.25) | 6.5 (0) | 6.0 (1) | |
| SAT in the paraumbilical region | 0.069 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 110 (0) | 55 (0) | 55 (0) | |
| Mean±SD | 41.16 ± 14.84 | 39.38 ± 15.38 | 43.01 ± 14.09 | |
| Min–Max | 10–90 | 11–90 | 10–74 | |
| Median (IQR) | 40 (20) | 36 (20) | 43 (18.5) | |
| SAT in right triceps region | 0.124 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 81 (29) | 41 (14) | 40 (15) | |
| Mean±SD | 37.67 ± 9.38 | 39.21 ± 10.50 | 36 ± 7.79 | |
| Min–Max | 15–65 | 15–65 | 15–52 | |
| Median (IQR) | 38 (13) | 40 (16.25) | 37 (9) | |
| SAT in the right subscapular region | 0.442 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 81 (29) | 41 (14) | 40 (15) | |
| Mean±SD | 36.07 ± 10.31 | 36.93 ± 10.44 | 35.15 ± 10.21 | |
| Min–Max | 15–62 | 20–62 | 15–60 | |
| Median (IQR) | 35 (14.5) | 35.5 (15.25) | 34 (14) | |
| F% | 0.380 | |||
| N (Nmiss) | 110 (0) | 55 (0) | 55 (0) | |
| Mean±SD | 0.32 ± 0.20 | 0.34 ± 0.21 | 0.30 ± 0.19 | |
| Min–Max | 0.02–0.73 | 0.02–0.73 | 0.02–0.62 | |
| Median (IQR) | 0.37 (0.44) | 0.39 (0.40) | 0.35 (0.41) |
AC, abdominal circumference; EA, electroacupuncture; BMI, body mass index; SD, Standard Deviation; HC, hip circumference; IQR, Inter-Quartile Range; IRD, inter recti distance.
*
The only one patient (1 [who withdrew with low back pain] in control group) did not receive the study consecutive treatment. The follow-up to 26 weeks was incomplete for 3 patients (Due to the COVID-19, there is no way to follow up on time in other places).
†
There were no significant differences between two groups.
‡
The pelvic girdle includes inguinal, pubic symphysis, coccyx, sacrum, and either side of the pelvis.
§
The midpoint of umbilicus and xiphoid process.
Δ
At the supine position.