Properties of doped titania samples treated at 150 °C hydrothermally and solvothermally in trifluoroacetic acid determined by X-ray diffraction.
| Dopant | Time (hours) | Hydrothermal | Solvothermal | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unit cell parameters | Crystallinity (%) | Size (nm) | Unit cell parameters | Crystallinity (%) | Size (nm) | ||||||
| a (Å) | c (Å) | V (Å3) | a (Å) | c (Å) | V (Å3) | ||||||
| Nickel | 0 | — | — | — | 0 | — | 0 | — | |||
| 3 | 3.861 | 9.329 | 139.1 | 84 | 4.7 | 3.846 | 9.580 | 141.7 | 42 | 3.0 | |
| 6 | 3.846 | 9.433 | 139.5 | 99 | 6.7 | 3.836 | 9.654 | 142.1 | 69 | 3.8 | |
| 17 | 3.844 | 9.472 | 139.9 | 100 | 7.9 | 3.838 | 9.744 | 143.5 | 75 | 4.1 | |
| 24 | 3.843 | 9.503 | 140.4 | 100 | 8.8 | 3.833 | 9.616 | 141.3 | 80 | 4.2 | |
| Copper | 0 | — | — | — | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | — |
| 3 | 3.850 | 9.229 | 136.8 | 49 | 5.3 | 3.844 | 9.600 | 141.9 | 39 | 3.4 | |
| 6 | 3.809 | 9.330 | 135.4 | 97 | 5.5 | 3.839 | 9.664 | 142.4 | 55 | 3.6 | |
| 17 | 3.838 | 9.493 | 139.8 | 99 | 7.4 | 3.824 | 9.368 | 137.0 | 66 | 4.2 | |
| 24 | 3.838 | 9.443 | 139.1 | 99 | 8.2 | 3.837 | 9.666 | 142.3 | 78 | 4.0 | |
| Cobalt | 0 | — | — | — | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | — |
| 3 | 3.865 | 9.149 | 136.7 | 67 | 4 | 3.826 | 9.376 | 137.3 | 49 | 3.3 | |
| 6 | 3.851 | 9.405 | 139.5 | 87 | 5.5 | 3.837 | 9.705 | 142.9 | 59 | 3.7 | |
| 17 | 3.846 | 9.406 | 139.1 | 99 | 6.9 | 3.835 | 9.646 | 141.9 | 66 | 4.0 | |
| 24 | 3.843 | 9.449 | 139.6 | 98 | 7.2 | 3.835 | 9.704 | 142.7 | 71 | 4.0 | |