Khodaverdi 2010.

Study characteristics
Methods	Study characteristics Study design: parallel RCT Study duration: not reported Study follow‐up: 3 months
Participants	Baseline characteristics Country: Iran Setting: dialysis centre Inclusion criteria: ESKD; HD ≥ 1 year, Hb ≤ 10 mg/dL; adequate iron stores (ferritin > 100, SI/TIBC > 20%); normal liver tests Randomised number (intervention/control): 14/15 Dialysis modality: HD Mean age ± SD (years): intervention group (49 ± 19); control group (52.4 ± 19.3) Exclusion criteria: carnitine intake within 2 months; pregnancy; liver disease; ferritin < 100 and SI/TIBC < 20%; PTH > 150 or > 2 times normal; other causes of anaemia
Interventions	Intervention group L‐carnitine (IV): 1000 mg at each dialysis session for 3 months Control group Placebo
Outcomes	Outcomes relevant to this review Anaemia‐related markers: Hb, HCT
Notes	Funding source: not reported
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Study was described as randomised; method of randomisation was not reported
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to permit judgement
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias)	Low risk	Quote: "double‐blind placebo‐controlled" study
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) Anaemia‐related markers	Low risk	Quote: "double‐blind placebo‐controlled" study
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) Anaemia‐related markers	Low risk	No missing outcome data
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Pre‐specified outcomes (of interest to this review) were reported
Other bias	Unclear risk	Funding source: not reported