Trovato 1983.

Study characteristics
Methods	Study characteristics Study design: parallel RCT Study duration: not reported Study follow‐up: 18 months
Participants	Baseline characteristics Country: Italy Setting: not reported Inclusion criteria: maintenance HD Randomised number (intervention/control): 13/13 Dialysis modality: HD Mean age ± SD (years): 45.54 ± 13.16 Sex (M/F): 13/13 Dialysis duration: not reported Exclusion criteria: not reported
Interventions	Intervention group L‐carnitine (oral): 1500 mg/day for 18 months Control group Placebo
Outcomes	Outcomes relevant to this review Anaemia‐related markers: HCT, EPO dose
Notes	Other information Abstract‐only publication Funding source: not reported
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Study was described as randomised; method of randomisation was not reported
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to permit judgement
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias)	High risk	Quote: "single‐blind"
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) Anaemia‐related markers	Low risk	The outcome measurement is not likely to be influenced by lack of blinding
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) Anaemia‐related markers	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to permit judgement
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	The study protocol is not available
Other bias	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to permit judgement