Table 3.

Some of the recently reported electrochemical biosensors for the detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2.

Publication	Biosensing element	Electrochemical method	LOD	Redox probe
PANI-based immunosensor	Spike protein	EIS	8.00 nM	−
(Yakoh et al., 2021)		Square wave voltammetry	1 ng/mL	+
(Ali et al., 2021)		EIS	2.8 fM	+
(Li et al., 2021)		EIS	0.4 pg/mL	+
(Liustrovaite et al., 2022)		Cyclic voltammetry (CV), EIS	2.53 nM (CV) 1.99 nM (EIS)	+
(Drobysh et al., 2022b)		CV, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV)	0.27 nM (CV) 0.14 nM (DPV)	+
(Braz et al., 2022)		DPV	0.77 μg/mL	+
(Cardoso et al., 2022)		EIS	0.7 pg/mL	+
(Peng et al., 2022)		Chronoamperometry	10.1 ng/mL (IgG) 1.64 ng/m (IgM).	+