TABLE II.

Dual-mode imaging modalities and applications of organic NPs.

Image	Organic NPs	Imaging agents	Cell/molecular targeting	Animal model	Imaging effect	References
MRI-NIRFI	Micelles polymeric NPs	Gd/-Cy7, Fe2O3/DyLight 800	Monocytes, fibrin, platelet integrin αIIbβ3	ApoE−/− mice	Notable MRI signal and fluorescence signal enhancements in the aorta	22, 34, 35
PET-MRI	Polymeric NPs	18F/Gd	Macrophages	ApoE−/− mice	Increased PET signal and MRI in the aortic arches	36
MRI-US	Polymeric NPs	SPIO/PFOB, Fe3O4/PFP	Intraplaque neovascularization, macrophages	Aorta balloon-injury (ABI) rats, ApoE−/− mice	A broader detectable time-window, a longer duration of T2W signal attenuation, and a hyperechoic signal detected in the aorta of targeted group	33, 37
US-NIRFI	Polymeric NPs	PFOB/Cy5.5	Foam cells	ApoE−/− mice	Strong US signal and fluorescence signal in the aorta of targeted group	32
PET-CT	Polymeric NPs	64Cu	Macrophages	ApoE−/− mice	Continued signal enhancement three times in aortic plaques of the targeted group after injection for 24 h	38
MRI-FI	Liposomes	Fe3O4/fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)	Mouse aortic endothelial cells	ApoE−/− mice	Increased fluorescence signal and MRI contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) in the aortic arches	39