Table 1.
Table of characteristic study.
| No. | Author (years) | Research location and period | Patients age | Type of diabetes | Current treatment received | Type of telemedicine | HbA1c level (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Base | Final visit | Change | |||||||
| 1. | Kim H-S (2007)[20] | South Korea (2003–2004) | The mean ages were 47.5 ± 9.1 (control group) and 46.8 ± 8.8 (treatment group) | T2DM | Insulin and oral anti-diabetic medication | ● SMS ● Cellular phone or wired Internet ● Website |
● Control group: 7.59 ± 1.09 ● Intervention group: 8.09 ± 1.72 |
● Control group: 7.66 ± 0.91 ● Intervention group: 6.94 ± 1.04 |
● Control group: +0.07 |
| ● Intervention group: −1.15 | |||||||||
| 2. | Sacco WP et al (2009)[21] | USA (September 2001–August 2003) | 18–65 | T2DM with HbA1c level > 6.5% | Insulin (53% participants) and oral anti-diabetic medication (86% participants) | ● Telephone calls | ● Control group: 8.5 ± 2.01 ● Intervention group: 8.4 ± 1.37 |
● Control group: 7.8 ± 1.3 ● Intervention group: 7.4 ± 1.12 |
● Control group: −0.7 ± 0.71 ● Intervention group: −1 ± 0.25 |
| 3. | Marios T et al (2012)[22] | Australia (May 2007–October 2010) | 18–80 | T2DM with FPG > 7.0 mmol·L-1 and HbA1c% level > 6.5. | N/A | ● Telephone calls | ● Control group: 7.53 ± 1.68 ● Intervention group: 7.90 ± 2.39 |
● Control group: 7.12 ± 0.79 ● Intervention group: 7.61 ± 2.08 |
● Control group: −0.41 ± 0.89 ● Intervention group: −0.29 ± 0.31 |
| 4. | Torbjørnsen A et al (2014)[23] | Norwegia (2011–2013) | ≥18 yr | T2DM and HbA1c level ≥ 7.1% included (≥54.1 mmol/mol) | ● No medication (9 participants) ● Only oral agents (63 participants) ● Only injections agent (19 participants) ● Combination oral and injection (40 participants) |
● FTA ● FTA-HC |
● Control group: 8.3 ● Intervention group: ± 1.FTA: 8.1 2.FTA-HC: 8.2 |
● Control group: 8.0 ● Intervention group: ± 1.FTA: 7.8 2.FTA-HC: 7.8 |
● Control group: −0.39 ● Intervention group: 1.FTA: −0.23 2.FTA-HC: −0.41 |
| 5. | Holmen H et al (2014)[24] | Norwegia (2011–2013) | ≥18 yr | T2DM with HbA1c level ≥ 7.1% (≥54.1 mmol/mol) | ● Diet only (9 participants) ● Oral agents only (63 participants) ● Injection only (19 participants) ● Combination of oral and injection (40 participants) |
● FTA ● FTA-HC |
● Control group: 8.4 ● Intervention group: 1.FTA: 8.1 2.FTA-HC: 8.1 |
● Control group: 8.2 ● Intervention group: ± 1.FTA: 7.8 2.FTA-HC: 8.0 |
● Control group: −0.16 ● Intervention group: 1.FTA: −0.31 2.FTA-HC: −0.15 |
| 6. | Kotsani K et al (2018)[25] | Greece (January–August 2016) | 18–39 | T1DM for at least 1 year | MDI | ● Telephone calls | ● Control group: 8.1 ± 1.2 ● Intervention group: 8.3 ± 0.6 |
● Control group: 7.9 ± 0.8 ● Intervention group: 7.8 ± 1 |
● Control group: −0.2 ● Intervention group: −0.5 |
| 7. | Miremberg H et al (2018)[26] | Israel (2016–2017) | Women 18–45 years old | GDM | Insulin injection | ● Website | ● Control group: 5.2 ± 0.4 ● Intervention group: 5.2 ± 0.33 |
● Control group: 5.5 ± 1.9 ● Intervention group: 5.3 ± 1.9 |
● Control group: +0.3 ● Intervention group: +0.1 |
| 8. | Sung J-H et al (2019)[27] | South Korea (February 2017–August 2017) | The mean age was 33.43 | GDM | N/A | ● A mobile phone application | ● Control group: 33.7 ± 4.3 ● Intervention group: 36.64 ± 5.55 |
● Control group: 36.75 ± 3.24 ● Intervention group: 35.57 ± 4.69 |
● Control group: +3.05 ● Intervention group: −1.07 |
| 9. | Yasmin F et al (2020)[28] | Bangladesh (Baseline: January–December 2014; Endline: January–2015) | The mean age was 53 and 51 years in the intervention and the control group | T2DM | N/A | ● Mobile phone-based health reminder system ● 24/7 call center services |
● Control group: 8.54 (FBG) ● Intervention group: 8.67 (FBG) |
● Control group: 8.13 (FBG) ● Intervention group: 6.8 (FBG) |
● Control group: −0.41 (FBG) ● Intervention group: −1.87 (FBG) |
FBG = fasting blood glucose, FTA = Few Touch Applications, FTA-HC = Few Touch Applications-Health Counseling, GDM = gestational diabetes mellitus, HbA1c = glycated hemoglobin A, MDI = multiple daily injections of insulin, N/A = not applicable, SMS = short message service, T1DM = type 1 diabetes mellitus, T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus.