TABLE 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Patients With Severe Traumatic Brain Injury According to Strata Defined by Presence or Absence of Hyperchloremia
| Variables | No Hyperchloremia | Single Occurrence of Hyperchloremia | Two or More Occurrences of Hyperchloremia |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall, n (%) | 247 (24.9) | 164 (16.5) | 580 (58.5) |
| Age, mean ± sda | 42.5 ± 19.3 | 35.9 ± 16.8 | 37.9 ± 18.0 |
| Gender | |||
| Men | 190 (76.9) | 128 (78.0) | 416 (71.7) |
| Women | 57 (23.1) | 36 (22.0) | 164 (28.3) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Asian | 6 (2.4) | 5 (3.0) | 19 (3.3) |
| African American | 27 (10.9) | 15 (9.1) | 42 (7.2) |
| Whitea | 142 (57.5) | 100 (61.0) | 275 (47.4) |
| Other | 2 (0.8) | 1 (0.6) | 12 (2.1) |
| Hispanic or Latinoa | 25 (10.1) | 22 (13.4) | 40 (6.9) |
| Randomization group | |||
| Hypertonic saline/dextrana | 17 (6.9) | 35 (21.3) | 215 (37.1) |
| Hypertonic salinea | 19 (7.7) | 47 (28.7) | 209 (36.0) |
| Normal salinea | 211 (85.4) | 82 (50.0) | 156 (26.9) |
| Clinical severity | |||
| Out-of-hospital GCS‚ median (range) | 3 (3-8) | 3 (3-7) | 3 (3-6) |
| Out-of-hospital GCS > 5 | 84 (34.0) | 50 (30.5) | 163 (28.1) |
| Out-of-hospital GCS ≤ 5 | 163 (66.0) | 114 (69.5) | 417 (71.9) |
| ISS, median (range) | 25 (14-30) | 27 (17-38) | 31 (24-42) |
| ISS > 26 | 92 (37.2) | 82 (50.0) | 362 (62.4) |
| ISS ≤ 26 | 155 (62.8) | 82 (50.0) | 218 (37.6) |
| Marshall score based on initial head CT scan | |||
| Diffuse injury Ia | 88 (35.6) | 50 (30.5) | 130 (22.4) |
| Diffuse injury II | 88 (35.6) | 66 (40.2) | 218 (37.6) |
| Diffuse injury III | 27 (10.9) | 19 (11.6) | 93 (16.0) |
| Diffuse injury IV | 5 (2.0) | 3 (1.8) | 33 (5.7) |
| Mass lesion | 37 (15.0) | 24 (14.6) | 96 (16.6) |
| Others | 2 (0.8) | 2 (1.2) | 10 (1.7) |
| Out-of-hospital variables | |||
| Out-of-hospital advanced airway | 152 (61.5) | 108 (65.9) | 372 (64.1) |
| Time from dispatch call to fluid administration, min (mean ± sd) a | 32.0 ± 17.4 | 33.8 ± 25.7 | 36.3 ± 22.2 |
| Total out-of-hospital time, min (mean ± sd)a | 17,648.8 ± 15,089.6 | 15,014.6 ± 15,366.8 | 8,044.6 ± 12,279.0 |
| Prehospital fluids (L, mean ± sd)a | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 1.0 ± 0.7 | 1.0 ± 0.8 |
| Administration of >2 L of crystalloid or mannitol | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.2) |
| Emergency department variables | |||
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg, mean ± sd)a | 144.7 ± 31.5 | 135.2 ± 31.1 | 132.8 ± 35.2 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL, mean ± sd)a | 13.5 ± 1.9 | 12.6 ± 2.1 | 11.7 ± 2.3 |
| International normalized ratio (mean ± sd)a | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 1.3 ± 0.5 |
| Prothromboplastin time (mean ± sd)a | 27.0 ± 6.1 | 28.8 ± 15.6 | 32.9 ± 21.2 |
| Platelet counts (mean ± sd)a | 249.6 ± 77.5 | 239.1 ± 75.9 | 230.7 ± 69.4 |
| Serum creatinine (mean ± sd)a | 71.4 ± 36.3 | 84.4 ± 76.7 | 76.9 ± 31.2 |
| First pH (mean ± sd)a | 7.3 ± 0.1 | 7.3 ± 0.1 | 7.3 ± 0.1 |
| Highest lactate 0 to 12 hr (mean ± sd) | 3.9 ± 3.2 | 4.5 ± 3.5 | 4.3 ± 2.5 |
| Intubationa | 218 (88.3) | 145 (88.4) | 554 (95.5) |
GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ISS = Injury Severity Score.
aSignificant at p = 0.05 (Student t test and χ2 tests with Bonferroni correction for continuous and categorical variables, respectively).