Table 1.
Patient Characteristics, CDI-specific Risk Factors, and Healthcare Resource Utilization During 12-month Pre-index Period
| Characteristic | No rCDI(N = 175,554) | 1 rCDI(N = 38,163) | 2 rCDI(N = 22,898) | ≥3 rCDI(N = 32,147) | National Cohort a (N = 4,797,475) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 78.5 (8.0) | 78.1 (7.9) | 78.3 (7.9) | 77.9 (8.0) | 75.4 (7.9) |
| Sex, female, % | 69.2 | 69.1 | 69.0 | 67.5 | 59.1 |
| Census region | |||||
| Northeast | 21.0 | 21.8 | 21.8 | 22.2 | 19.3 |
| Midwest | 25.1 | 26.0 | 26.7 | 28.8 | 23.1 |
| South | 37.7 | 36.5 | 35.7 | 32.5 | 38.4 |
| West | 16.0 | 15.6 | 15.8 | 16.4 | 18.9 |
| Unknown | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.04 | 0.3 |
| Medical comorbidities | |||||
| CCI score, mean (SD) | 5.0 (3.4) | 5.2 (3.4) | 5.2 (3.4) | 5.2 (3.5) | 4.0 (3.8) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease, % | 49.5 | 50.6 | 50.5 | 49.4 | 40.7 |
| CVD, % | 38.3 | 39.9 | 39.1 | 37.3 | 33.3 |
| Diabetes, % | 45.5 | 45.8 | 45.2 | 44.3 | 41.7 |
| Heart failure, % | 43.3 | 45.3 | 44.5 | 43.5 | 24.0 |
| PVD, % | 42.8 | 44.6 | 44.1 | 43.0 | 35.4 |
| Renal disease, % | 37.6 | 39.7 | 40.4 | 43.2 | 22.6 |
| Crohn’s disease, % | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.2 | … |
| Ulcerative colitis, % | 5.1 | 6.3 | 6.5 | 6.2 | … |
| Medication exposure, % | |||||
| Antimicrobials | 83.0 | 85.3 | 86.8 | 89.8 | … |
| Chemotherapy | 44.4 | 45.8 | 46.0 | 50.0 | … |
| Gastric acid-suppressing agents | 50.6 | 51.1 | 52.1 | 54.0 | … |
| Immunosuppressant agents | 3.3 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 5.9 | … |
| Procedures, % | |||||
| Chemotherapy | 44.4 | 45.8 | 46.0 | 50.0 | … |
| Enteral feeding | 29.9 | 31.7 | 30.8 | 30.2 | … |
| GI surgery | 3.9 | 4.5 | 4.2 | 4.3 | … |
| Organ, tissue, or blood cell transplant | 1.4 | 2.3 | 3.4 | 12.4 | … |
| Healthcare resource utilization | |||||
| 0–6 months pre-index | |||||
| Patients with inpatient admission, % | 52.8 | 58.0 | 59.4 | 60.7 | … |
| Patients with ED visit, % | 40.2 | 41.6 | 43.7 | 44.8 | … |
| Outpatient visits per patient, mean (SD) | 10.4 (7.9) | 11.2 (8.4) | 11.5 (8.5) | 12.4 (9.1) | … |
| 7–12 months pre-index | |||||
| Patients with inpatient admission, % | 27.4 | 27.7 | 27.5 | 27.7 | … |
| Patients with ED visit, % | 27.1 | 27.5 | 28.3 | 27.8 | … |
| Outpatient visits per patient, mean (SD) | 8.8 (7.3) | 9.2 (7.6) | 9.2 (7.5) | 9.6 (7.9) | … |
Note. CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; CVD, cerebrovascular disease; ED, emergency department; GI, gastrointestinal; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; SD, standard deviation.
a
Select reference data were obtained from the entire population of patients who were enrolled in Medicare FFS with medical and pharmacy benefits for at least 6 months between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2016.