Table 1.
Baseline Clinical Characteristics
| All patients | Diabetes | No diabetes | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. patients | 150 | 111 | 39 | |
| Age (years) | 74 [68–80] | 73 [68–79] | 76 [67–83] | 0.487 |
| Male sex | 104 (68.9) | 73 (65.8) | 31 (79.5) | 0.157 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.3 [22.5–28.0] | 25.7 [22.6–28.1] | 25.0 [21.6–26.6] | 0.300 |
| HbA1c (%) | ||||
| Mean±SD | 6.56±0.68 | 6.82±0.54 | 5.81±0.38 | 0.000 |
| Median [IQR] | 6.5 [6.2–7.0] | 6.7 [6.5–7.1] | 5.8 [5.6–6.1] | 0.000 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 55.8±20.5 | 54.8±20.3 | 58.4±21.0 | 0.346 |
| K (mEq/L) | 4.20±0.43 | 4.21±0.44 | 4.18±0.37 | 0.717 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 141.1±21.4 | 143.6±21.3 | 134.0±20.1 | 0.015 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 71.0±13.3 | 72.0±12.6 | 68.3±14.8 | 0.133 |
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | 1,026 [377–2,095] | 996 [382–1,954] | 1,192 [358–2,797] | 0.461 |
| No. patients | 90 | 62 | 28 | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Heart failure | 107 (71.3) | 72 (64.9) | 35 (89.7) | 0.003 |
| HFrEF | 43 | 32 | 11 | |
| HFmrEF | 28 | 19 | 9 | |
| HFpEF | 34 | 20 | 14 | |
| Unknown | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
| Hypertension | 126 (84.0) | 93 (83.4) | 33 (84.6) | 1.000 |
| Medications | ||||
| Calcium channel blockers | 76 (50.7) | 59 (53.2) | 17 (43.6) | 0.354 |
| β-blockers | 105 (70.0) | 75 (67.6) | 30 (76.9) | 0.315 |
| Diuretics | 79 (52.7) | 58 (52.3) | 21 (53.8) | 1.000 |
| MRA | 34 (22.7) | 23 (20.7) | 11 (28.2) | 0.376 |
| SGLT2i | 73 (48.7) | 70 (63.1) | 3 (7.7) | 0.000 |
| DPP-4i | 68 (45.3) | 68 (61.3) | N/A | |
| Metformin | 34 (22.7) | 34 (30.6) | N/A | |
| Sulfonylurea | 13 (8.7) | 13 (11.7) | N/A | |
| Insulin | 12 (8.0) | 12 (10.8) | N/A | |
| GLP-1RA | 6 (4.0) | 6 (5.4) | N/A | |
| Other glucose-lowering treatment | 8 (5.3) | 8 (7.2) | N/A | |
| Sacubitril/valsartan | ||||
| Dose (mg/day) | 200 [100–200] | 200 [100–200] | 200 [100–200] | 0.975 |
| Period (weeks) | 13 [10–17] | 12 [9–17] | 15 [12–18] | 0.009 |
| Switched from ACEI or ARB | 143 (95.3) | 104 (93.7) | 39 (100) | 0.191 |
Unless indicated otherwise, data are presented as n (%), mean±SD, or median with [IQR]. ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; DPP-4i, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GLP-1RA, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; HFmrEF, heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; IQR, interquartile range; K, serum potassium; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide; SGLT2i, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor.