Table 2.
Summary of isolated and putative enzymes involved in mycotoxin detoxification.
| Mycotoxin | Enzyme (s) | Enzyme requirement | Mechanism | Microorganism | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aflatoxin B1 | Laccase manganese peroxidase | Redox mediators, H2O2 or O2 | Mycotoxin degradation may occur through free radical generation | Pleurotus eryngii, Pleurotus pulmonarius, Bacillus licheniformis ANSB821, Phanerochaete sordida YK-624, Rhodococcus jostii | Loi et al. (2016), (2018), Guo et al. (2020), Wang et al. (2011), and Vignali et al. (2018) |
| F420H2-dependent reductases (FDR) | Reducing agents for regeneration of F420H2 cofactor | Double bond reduction of α,β unsaturated ring A | Mycobacterium smegmatis | Taylor et al. (2010) | |
| Zearalenone | Unknown | Unknown | Phosphorylation | Bacillus sp. | Zhu et al. (2021) |
| Lactonase | None | Lactone ring hydrolysis | Clonostachys rosea IFO 7063, Cladophialophora bantiana, Rhinocladiella mackenzieican, Rhodococcus erythropolis | Kakeya et al. (2002), Hui et al. (2017), Zheng et al. (2018), and Gruber-Dorninger et al. (2021) | |
| Two putative enzymes: 1. Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase 2. Lactonase | NADPH and oxygen required for the BVMO | Baeyer-Villiger oxidation followed by lactone hydrolysis | Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans | Vekiru et al. (2010) | |
| Citrinin | Unknown | Unknown | Decarboxylation | Moraxella sp. MB1 | Devi et al. (2006) |
| Patulin | Short-chain dehydrogenase Aldo-keto reductase | NADPH | Reduction of the product following hemiacetal ring opening | Candida guilliermondii Gluconobacter oxydans ATCC 621 Rhizobium leguminosarum | Chen et al. (2017), Xing et al. (2021), Chan et al. (2022), and Abraham et al. (2022) |
| Ochratoxin | Carboxy-peptidase Y | None | Hydrolysis of the amide bond | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Abrunhosa et al. (2010) |
| Amido-hydrolase | Aspergillus niger | Stander et al. (2000) and Dobritzsch et al. (2014) | |||
| Fumonisins | Carboxyl-esterase | None | Hydrolysis of ester bond linkage to tricarballylic acid | Sphingopyxis macrogoltabida | Heinl et al. (2011) |
| Amino-transferase | Pyridoxal phosphate and pyruvate | Deamination | Sphingopyxis sp. MTA144 | Heinl et al. (2011) | |
| Amine oxidase | Oxygen | Exophiala spinifera | Blackwell et al. (1999) | ||
| Monoamine oxidase | Reducing agent for regeneration of FADH2 | Aspergillus niger | Garnham et al. (2020) | ||
| DON | Unknown | Unknown | Reductive de-epoxidation | Eubacterium BBSH 797, Bacillus sp. LS100, mixed culture from soil, Consortium DX100, Desulfitobacterium sp. PGC-3-9, Slackia sp. D-G6, Eggerthella sp.DII-9 | Fuchs et al. (2000), Fuchs et al. (2002) Yu et al. (2010), Islam et al. (2012), Ahad et al. (2017), He et al. (2020), Gao et al. (2020), and Gao et al. (2018) |
| 1. Type I PQQ dependent alcohol dehydrogenase, DepA (including recently identified homologs) 2. Aldo-keto reductase, DepB (including recently identified homologs) | 1. PQQ 2. NADPH | Epimerization | Devosia mutans 17-2-E-8, Devosia sp. strain D6-9, Rhizobium leguminosarum | Carere et al. (2018a,b), He et al. (2020), and Abraham et al. (2022) | |
| AKR18A1, second enzyme not identified | NADP+ | Oxidation | Sphingomonas sp. strain S3-4 | He et al. (2017) | |
| Acetyl-transferase, FfTRI201 | Acetyl-CoA | Nucleophillic substitution | Fusarium fujikuroi IFO 31251 | Khatibi et al. (2011) | |
| Three enzymes: 1. DdnA 2. KdR 3. Kdx | NADH | Hydroxylation | Sphingomonas sp. strain KSM1 | Ito et al. (2013) | |
| Unknown | Unknown | Glycosylation | Trichoderma sp. Clonostachys rosea | Tian et al. (2016), Demissie et al. (2020) | |
| T-2 toxin | Unknown | Unknown | Reductive de-epoxidation | Eubacterium BBSH 797 | Fuchs et al. (2000) and Fuchs et al. (2002) |
| Consortium DX100 | Ahad et al. (2017) | ||||
| Putative esterase(s) | None | Hydrolysis | Curtobacterium sp. strain 114–2 | Ueno et al. (1983) |