TABLE 1.

Review of studies on movement-related beta ERD and ERS in stroke and ALS.

Authors	Rec.	Task	Subjects	Main Findings
A. Stroke
Chalard et al., 2020	EEG	Elbow extension	15 subjects with different cortical or subcortical stroke sites. Testing: 8–116 months post stroke.	Reduced ERD correlated with increased activation of elbow flexors.
Shiner et al., 2015	MEG	Finger tapping	10 subjects with single stroke and upper limb motor deficit. Testing: 3–45 months post stroke.	Decreased ERD and ERS amplitude correlated with performance.
Rossiter et al., 2014a	MEG	Hand grip task	23 subjects with different stroke locations. Testing: 0.9–207.9 months post stroke.	Reduced ERD amplitude in lesioned M1 and lower ERD ratio in patients than controls. Greater impairment associated with reduced ERD amplitude in lesioned M1.
Espenhahn et al., 2020	EEG	Tracking and wrist movements	16 subjects with cortical or subcortical stroke. Testing: 41–220 months post stroke.	ERD amplitude 10% smaller in patients compared to controls.
B. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Bizovièar et al., 2014	EEG	Sniffing test; right index flexion	21 subjects with ALS (2 bulbar onset, 19 spinal onset)	Reduced beta ERD amplitudes in ALS during both tests. Decreased beta ERS amplitude in ALS, ipsilaterally to the movement.
Bai et al., 2010	EEG	Finger extension; motor imagery task	3 subjects with ALS, 3 subjects with PLS, no normal control group	Presence of ERD and ERS in ALS and PLS. Decreased ERD and ERS in motor imagery task compared to finger movements.
Riva et al., 2012	EEG	Self-paced right thumb extensions	16 subjects with ALS (mean disease duration: 30 months)	No significant difference in ERD between groups. Reduced ERS in patients. ERS negatively correlated with corticospinal damage.
McMackin et al., 2021	EEG	Go/NoGo task with finger mouse click	24 ALS patients (median age: 69; range: 59–72 years); 33 age-matched normal controls	Reduced ERD during all trials in patients. Correlation between ECAS cognitive scores and ERS amplitudes.
Kasahara et al., 2012	EEG	Hand grasping motor imagery	8 subjects with ALS with various motor impairments	Reduced ERD in patients compared to controls. Worsening bulbar scales correlated with reduced ERD. ERS not reported.
Hosni et al., 2019	EEG	Motor Imagery task	6 subjects with ALS (mean age: 57.0 ± 15.7 years)	Reduced and delayed ERD in patients, particularly during right-hand MI. ERS not clearly detectable.

(A) Most studies found reduced ERD amplitude in post-stroke patients. (B) In general, ALS studies reported reduced ERD and ERS amplitude.