TABLE 4.
Review of studies on movement-related beta ERD and ERS in development and aging, Alzheimer’s disease, and schizophrenia.
| Authors | Rec. | Task | Subjects | Main Findings |
| A. Development and aging | ||||
| Ricci et al., 2019a | EEG | Arm Reaching movements | 13 younger adults (mean age ± SD: 24.2 ± 4.5 years); 13 older adults (57.5 ± 8.2 years) | Older subjects were slower and less accurate during movement. No difference is beta oscillatory activity between old and young group. |
| Johari and Behroozmand, 2020 | EEG | Button pressing task | 15 younger adults (age range, mean ± SD: 19–30; 22.6 ± 3.0 years); 15 older adults (50–77; 63.9 ± 8.6) | Greater ERD in older compared to younger adults. Faster reaction times correlated with weaker beta ERD. |
| Gaetz et al., 2010 | MEG | Index finger movements | 10 children (age range: 4.5–6.5 years); 10 pre-pubescents (11.5–13.5); 10 adults (24–42) | ERD and ERS amplitudes increases with age. |
| Gehringer et al., 2019 | MEG | Isometric ankle plantarflexion target-matching task | 22 adults (mean age ± SD: 36.6 ± 5.0 years); 21 adolescents (14.0 ± 2.1 years) | Reduced ERD and ERS after practice in adolescents, but was stronger in adults. |
| Rossiter et al., 2014b | MEG | Isometric hand grips | 32 adults (mean age ± SD: 51 ± 21 years, range 22–82 years) | No difference between groups. However, age was positively correlated with ERD amplitude in ipsilateral M1. |
| Toledo et al., 2016 | EEG | Button press in response to passive ankle dorsiflexion | 19 young adults (age range: 21–32 years); 19 older adults (65–76 years) | ERD larger and delayed in older compared to younger adults. ERS found only in older adults. Earlier ERD and ERS associated with faster responses. |
| Mary et al., 2015 | MEG | Auditory-cued key presses with 4 fingers, 5-element sequence | 15 young adults (range 18–30 years; 24.3 ± 3.3); 14 older adults (range 65–75 years; 69.1 ± 1.5) | Enhanced ERS and ERD after learning in young compared to older adults. |
| Walker et al., 2020 | MEG | Rapid leg dorsiflexion | 11 young adults (mean age ± SD: 25 ± 3 years); 12 older adults (70 ± 3 years) | Stronger ERD post-proprioceptive stimulation in older compared to younger adults. No significant difference in ERS. |
| Sallard et al., 2016 | EEG | Motor switching task; bimanual to unimanual finger tapping | 17 young adults (mean age ± SD: 25 ± 3 years); 13 older adults (67 ± 4 years) | ERS increase in older compared to younger adults bilaterally over frontal and parietal areas. |
| Sailer et al., 2000 | EEG | Finger extensions | 8 young adults (age range, mean ± SD: 18–27; 24 ± 3.5 years); 8 older adults (55–78; 64.1 ± 9.6). | Increased activation of SMA in older in the high beta range. |
| Labyt et al., 2003 | EEG | Finger extension and arm elevation | 8 young adults (age range 25–35 years); 9 older subjects (55–65 years) | Decreased ERS amplitude in older subjects during targeting task. |
| Labyt et al., 2004 | EEG | Self-paced finger tapping | 8 young adults (age range: 20–35 years); 9 older adults (55–70 years) | Decreased ERS amplitude in older subjects compared to younger adults. |
| B. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) | ||||
| Babiloni et al., 2000 | EEG | Finger extension | 13 subjects with mild to moderate AD; diagnosis within 1–3 years. No motor deficits. | In AD, extra beta ERD activation of centromedial areas and extra beta ERS activation of ipsilateral rolandic area with frontal preponderance. |
| C. Schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorders | ||||
| Hunt et al., 2019 | MEG | Visuo-motor task with right index finger abduction | 112 healthy subjects with schizotypal features | Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire score and ERS negatively correlated. |
| Gascoyne et al., 2021 | MEG | Visuo-motor task: finger abduction | 29 recent-onset (<5 years; no or minimal antipsychotics); 35 schizophrenic subjects (≥ 10 years; stable use of antipsychotics) | Reduced ERS in schizophrenia. ERS negatively correlated with severity of disease. |
| Robson et al., 2016 | MEG | Self-paced button press | 23 subjects with stable state schizophrenia | Reduced ERS in schizophrenia. No significant difference in ERD. |
| Leocani et al., 2001b | EEG | Self-paced right thumb movements | 10 right-handed subjects with OCD (mean age: 28 years; disease duration: 6–28 years) | Reduced beta ERS amplitude in OCD. No significant difference in ERD amplitude or ERD/ERS latency. |
(A) ERD is greater in adults than children; no clear effect of old age. (B) In AD, beta activity is spread. (C) Schizophrenia symptoms are linked to ERS decrease.