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. 2021 Oct 25;31(e2):e148–e155. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056742

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to copy, redistribute, remix, transform and build upon this work for any purpose, provided the original work is properly cited, a link to the licence is given, and indication of whether changes were made. See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Flow chart for sample selection in FDA tobacco retail compliance inspections and multilevel data linkage with community characteristics and tobacco control policies. a: the final analysis is limited to 50 states and the District of Columbia (DC), so inspections in US territories were removed. These territories include American Samoa (AS), Guam (GU), Northern Marianas Islands (MP), Puerto Rico (PR) and US Virgin Islands (VI). b: multilevel factors, including zip code-level past inspection results and SES along with other contextual factors, such as county-level smoking prevalence, state and local adoption of Tobacco 21, and other state tobacco control policies using geographic information system. These multilevel factors were treated as covariates (explanatory variables) in the PSM development and validation. ACS, American Community Survey; PSM, propensity score model; RUCA, Rural–Urban Commuting Area; RVSM, retail violation of sales to minors; SES, socioeconomic status; T21, Tobacco 21.