Table 1.

Cell-specific GC effects

Cell type	Effects
Global	↓ Proinflammatory and chemotactic factors17 ~ Coagulopathy37 ↓ Wound healing28 ↑ Infection risk (long term)40
Lymphocyte	↑ Apoptosis3 ↓ Proliferation33 ↓ Circulating counts5
Neutrophil	↓ Recruitment21 , 22 ↓ Inflammatory genes22 ↓ Apoptosis275 ↑ Circulating counts22
Monocyte, macrophage	↓ ROS, inflammasome20 ↓ Shift M1,21 M2276 ↓ Chemotactic factors43 ↓ Adhesion, recruitment, accumulation5 , 43 ↓ Efferocytosis, phagocytosis43 ↓ Circulating counts5
Alveolar and airway epithelium	↑ Barrier integrity18 , 19 , 277–279 ↑ SPA, SPD280 , 281 ↑ Type II maturation282 ↓ MUC5AC283 ↓ Type I>type II27 , 282 ↑ Apoptosis23 ↓ Proliferation, repair24–26
Fibroblast	↑ Contractility35 ↓ Collagen deposition28 ~ Proliferation28 34
Endothelium	↓ NOS/vasoconstriction15 ↓ Angiogenesis284 ↑ VWF, TF, ICAM, VCAM30–32 ↑ Neutrophil adhesion30–32

GC, glucocorticoid; ROS, reactive oxygen species; VWF, von Willebrand factor.