Table 2.

Baseline characteristics of study population for the validation phase

	Patients N=145
Age, years, mean±SD (range)	71.8±12.6 (21.8–101.0)
Sex
Male	74 (51.0%)
Female	68 (46.9%)
Missing	3 (2.1%)
Ethnicity
Caucasian	130 (89.7%)
Asian	2 (1.4%)
East Indian	5 (3.4%)
First Nations/Inuit/Metis or Aboriginal	1 (0.7%)
African/Black North American	2 (1.4%)
Other	2 (1.4%)
Missing	3 (2.1%)
Formal religious group
Protestant	51 (35.2%)
Catholic	30 (20.7%)
Jewish	1 (0.7%)
Muslim	1 (0.7%)
None	40 (27.6%)
Other	17 (11.7%)
Missing	5 (3.4%)
Highest level of education
Did not complete high school	36 (24.8%)
Completed high school	28 (19.3%)
Some university education or completed other postsecondary programme	51 (35.2%)
University undergraduate degree	18 (12.4%)
University graduate degree	10 (6.9%)
Missing	2 (1.4%)
Place of residence in the past month
Own home	131 (90.3%)
Retirement residence	7 (4.8%)
Long-term care home	2 (1.4%)
Hospital	1 (0.7%)
Other	2 (1.4%)
Missing	2 (1.4%)
Comorbidities*
Heart disease	43 (29.7%)
High blood pressure	78 (53.8%)
Lung disease	24 (16.6%)
Diabetes	32 (22.1%)
Ulcer or stomach disease	37 (25.5%)
Kidney disease	18 (12.4%)
Liver disease	15 (10.3%)
Anaemia or other blood disease	26 (17.9%)
Cancer	70 (48.3%)
Depression	40 (27.6%)
Osteoarthritis, degenerative arthritis	0 (0.0%)
Back pain	71 (49.0%)
Rheumatoid arthritis	16 (11.0%)
Number of comorbidities per patient, mean±SD (range)	3.8±2.1 (0.0–10.0)
Frailty†
Very fit	18 (12.4%)
Well	24 (16.6%)
Managing well	44 (30.3%)
Vulnerable	39 (26.9%)
Mildly frail	12 (8.3%)
Moderately frail	4 (2.8%)
Severely frail	2 (1.4%)
Very severely frail	0 (0.0%)
Missing	2 (1.4%)
Quality of life*
Excellent	21 (14.5%)
Very good	42 (29.0%)
Good	41 (28.3%)
Fair	32 (22.1%)
Poor	8 (5.5%)
Missing	1 (0.7%)

*Based on patient self-report.

†Based on patient self-report using the Clinical Frailty Scale.²⁴