Table 4.
Descriptive statistics (control variables), by migration background (generation)
| Natives | 2-Gen | 1-Gen | Total | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean; N | SD; % | Mean; N | SD; % | Mean; N | SD; % | Mean; N | SD; % | |
| Controls (1): socio-demographics | ||||||||
| Female | 8642 | 49.3 | 2669 | 48.02 | 3657 | 45.95 | 14,968 | 48.21 |
| Age | 12.34 | 1.00 | 12.37 | 1.06 | 13.11 | 1.19 | 12.54 | 1.11 |
| Siblings | 1.13 | 0.85 | 1.49 | 1.09 | 1.32 | 1.12 | 1.24 | 0.98 |
| School year | ||||||||
| 1st year (prima media) | 5981 | 34.12 | 2141 | 38.52 | 2336 | 29.35 | 10,458 | 33.69 |
| 2nd year (seconda media) | 5859 | 33.42 | 1847 | 33.23 | 2655 | 33.36 | 10,361 | 33.37 |
| 3rd year (terza media) | 5689 | 32.45 | 1570 | 28.25 | 2968 | 37.29 | 10,227 | 32.94 |
| Region | ||||||||
| North-West | 3455 | 19.71 | 1395 | 25.1 | 1460 | 18.34 | 6310 | 20.32 |
| North-East | 5033 | 28.71 | 1738 | 31.27 | 2243 | 28.18 | 9014 | 29.03 |
| Centre | 3844 | 21.93 | 1412 | 25.4 | 1589 | 19.96 | 6845 | 22.05 |
| South and Islands | 5197 | 29.65 | 1013 | 18.23 | 2667 | 33.51 | 8877 | 28.59 |
| Mother's education | ||||||||
| No title, elementary school | 1204 | 6.87 | 998 | 17.96 | 1457 | 18.31 | 3659 | 11.79 |
| Lower secondary school | 3101 | 17.69 | 976 | 17.56 | 1355 | 17.02 | 5432 | 17.5 |
| Upper secondary school | 5209 | 29.72 | 1085 | 19.52 | 1770 | 22.24 | 8064 | 25.97 |
| University | 3542 | 20.21 | 561 | 10.09 | 840 | 10.55 | 4943 | 15.92 |
| Don’t know | 4473 | 25.52 | 1938 | 34.87 | 2537 | 31.88 | 8948 | 28.82 |
| Father's education | ||||||||
| No title, elementary school | 1422 | 8.11 | 1030 | 18.53 | 1619 | 20.34 | 4071 | 13.11 |
| Lower secondary school | 3724 | 21.24 | 849 | 15.28 | 1261 | 15.84 | 5834 | 18.79 |
| Upper secondary school | 4827 | 27.54 | 1095 | 19.7 | 1721 | 21.62 | 7643 | 24.62 |
| University | 2867 | 16.36 | 526 | 9.46 | 736 | 9.25 | 4129 | 13.3 |
| Don’t know | 4689 | 26.75 | 2058 | 37.03 | 2622 | 32.94 | 9369 | 30.18 |
| Controls (2): economic condition | ||||||||
| Economic condition | ||||||||
| (Very) rich | 4037 | 23.03 | 879 | 15.82 | 1293 | 16.25 | 6209 | 20 |
| Neither rich, nor poor | 12,945 | 73.85 | 4380 | 78.81 | 6164 | 77.45 | 23,489 | 75.66 |
| (Very) poor | 547 | 3.12 | 299 | 5.38 | 502 | 6.31 | 1348 | 4.34 |
| Objects/appliances of the household | 4.00 | 0.91 | 3.30 | 1.07 | 3.21 | 1.14 | 4 | 1.07 |
| Housing condition | ||||||||
| Other kind of housing | 684 | 3.9 | 392 | 7.05 | 624 | 7.84 | 1700 | 5.48 |
| PPR < 0.76 | 11,216 | 63.99 | 1920 | 34.54 | 2578 | 32.39 | 15,714 | 50.62 |
| PPR > = 0.76 & < = 1.24 | 4121 | 23.51 | 2004 | 36.06 | 2569 | 32.28 | 8694 | 28 |
| PPR > 1.24 | 1508 | 8.6 | 1242 | 22.35 | 2188 | 27.49 | 4938 | 15.91 |
| Count on someone (no) | 861 | 4.91 | 590 | 10.62 | 1057 | 13.28 | 2508 | 8.08 |
| Controls (3): family environment | ||||||||
| School involvement | 4.29 | 0.77 | 4.02 | 0.85 | 4.04 | 0.81 | 4.18 | 0.71 |
| Parenting quality | 4.01 | 0.81 | 3.84 | 0.86 | 3.86 | 0.88 | 3.94 | 0.84 |
| Punishment | 3.63 | 0.82 | 3.60 | 0.84 | 3.65 | 0.86 | 3.63 | 0.83 |
| Indifference | 4.50 | 0.75 | 4.34 | 0.85 | 4.23 | 0.92 | 4.40 | 0.82 |
| Total | 17,529 | 100 | 5,558 | 100 | 7,959 | 100 | 31,046 | 100 |
Mean and standard deviation (SD) are reported for continuous variables; cell size (N) and column percentages (%, in italics) are reported for categorical variables. N = 31,046. Unweighted data. Source: Integration of the Second Generation survey (ISTAT 2015)