Table 1.
Summary of DNA modification markers in the pathogenesis, progression and metastasis, and prognosis of NSCLC
| DNA methylation marker | Pathway | Function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Upregulation | |||
| APC | Cell proliferation, migration, and cell adhesion | Pathogenesis and progression | [33] |
| CDH1 | Cell adhesion | Pathogenesis | [34] |
| CDH13 | Cell adhesion | Pathogenesis | [35] |
| P16 | Cell cycle regulation | Pathogenesis | [36] |
| DAPK | Apoptosis | Pathogenesis | [37] |
| DAL-1 | Progression and metastasis | [38] | |
| EPHB6 | Pathogenesis, progression, and metastasis | [39] | |
| HS3ST2 | Pathogenesis, progression, and metastasis | [40] | |
| TMEM88 | Progression and metastasis | [41] | |
| MGMT | Progression and metastasis | [42] | |
| HMLH1 | Prognosis | [43] | |
| IGFBP-3 | Prognosis | [44] | |
| RASSF1A | Cell cycle regulation, genomic-stability maintenance, apoptosis, cell migration, and invasion | Prognosis | [45] |
| TMEM196 | Prognosis | [46] | |
| GRK6 | Prognosis | [47] | |
| GSTP1 | Pathogenesis | [48] | |
| FHIT | Prognosis | [49] | |
| MLH1 | DNA repair | Pathogenesis | [50] |
| MSH2 | DNA repair | Pathogenesis | [50] |
| PTEN | Cell cycle regulation | NA | [51] |
| RUNX3 | TGF-β/Wnt signaling pathway | Pathogenesis | [52] |
| SEMA3B | Cell adhesion | Pathogenesis | [53] |
| RARβ | Cell differentiation and proliferation | Prognosis | [54] |
| RARβ2 | Cell differentiation and proliferation | Prognosis | [55] |
| SHOX2 | Cell differentiation and proliferation | Prognosis | [56] |
| TGFBR2 | Signaling | Pathogenesis | [57] |
| TSLC1 | Cell adhesion | Progression | [58] |
| Downregulation | |||
| LINE-1 | Prognosis | [59] | |
| ELMO3 | Progression and metastasis | [60] | |
| FAM83A | Prognosis | [61] | |
| MAGE | Transcriptional regulation, cancer development, and progression | Pathogenesis | [62] |