Table 3.
Differences in the probability (percentage points) of social and mental health outcomes at ages 16–18 among children conceived by medically assisted reproduction (MAR) versus those conceived naturally. Between-family and within-family analyses of children born in Finland 1995–2000
| MAR | Between-family sample | Within-family sample | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | n | Model 3 | Model 4 | n | |
| Grade point average (GPA)a | 24.04*** (1.008) | 4.763*** (0.925) | 219,624 | 3.732 (2.809) | 1.295 (3.397) | 2621 |
| Academic track (ref. vocational) | 10.50*** (0.436) | 1.369*** (0.405) | 269,662 | 3.081** (1.107) | 0.786 (1.324) | 4682 |
| School dropout | − 0.611*** (0.149) | 0.026 (0.150) | 280,682 | − 0.114 (0.388) | 0.040 (0.462) | 4923 |
| NEET status at age 18 | − 1.184*** (0.163) | − 0.137 (0.163) | 280,682 | − 0.603 (0.417) | − 0.357 (0.496) | 4923 |
| Early home-leaving | − 6.201*** (0.325) | − 1.695*** (0.318) | 280,682 | − 1.040 (0.786) | 0.342 (0.935) | 4923 |
| Antidepressant use | − 0.227 (0.230) | 0.440 (0.232) | 280,682 | − 0.146 (0.713) | 0.193 (0.848) | 4923 |
| Mental disorders (any) | − 0.319 (0.252) | 0.693** (0.254) | 280,682 | 2.124** (0.752) | 1.177 (0.895) | 4923 |
| Internalizing | − 0.090 (0.205) | 0.511* (0.207) | 280,682 | 1.556* (0.620) | 0.928 (0.738) | 4,23 |
| Externalizing | − 0.297** (0.098) | 0.106 (0.099) | 280,682 | 0.257 (0.282) | − 0.072 (0.335) | 4923 |
| Developmental | 0.209* (0.088) | 0.315*** (0.090) | 280,682 | 0.329 (0.288) | 0.037 (0.343) | 4923 |
| Other mental disorders | − 0.120 (0.170) | 0.220 (0.172) | 280,682 | 1.002 (0.546) | 0.395 (0.649) | 4923 |
| High-risk health behaviour | − 0.304** (0.118) | 0.140 (0.119) | 280,682 | 0.234 (0.365) | 0.185 (0.435) | 4923 |
| Adjustments: | ||||||
| Child's sex | x | x | x | x | ||
| Birth year | x | x | ||||
| Birth order | x | x | ||||
| Maternal age at birth | x | |||||
| Maternal smoking | x | x | ||||
| Parental education at birth | x | |||||
| Family structure at birth | x | |||||
| Income decile at birth | x | x | ||||
| Hospital district at birth | x | |||||
Standard Errors in parentheses. Sibling fixed effects used for the within-family models. Significance levels: ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05. aThe coefficient (multiplied by 100) for GPA represents a linear estimation, not a probability