Table 5.
Differences in the probability (percentage points) of social and mental-health outcomes at ages 16–18 among children conceived by in vitro fertilization (IVF) versus those conceived naturally. Between-family and within-family analyses of children born in Finland 1995−2000
| IVF | Between-family sample | Within-family sample | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | N | Model 3 | Model 4 | N | |
| Grade point average (GPA) a | 31.60*** (1.567) | 9.192*** (1.435) | 213,317 | 6.322 (5.818) | − 9.006 (10.51) | 555 |
| Academic track (ref. vocational) | 13.73*** (0.675) | 2.871*** (0.624) | 261,720 | 7.550** (2.390) | 0.588 (3.853) | 952 |
| School dropout | − 0.745** (0.231) | − 0.084 (0.232) | 272,485 | − 0.580 (0.788) | − 0.896 (1.260) | 986 |
| NEET status at age 18 | − 1.262*** (0.253) | − 0.086 (0.253) | 272,485 | − 0.225 (0.726) | 1.427 (1.157) | 986 |
| Early home-leaving | − 7.078*** (0.505) | − 1.798*** (0.492) | 272,485 | − 1.796 (1.718) | 1.050 (2.753) | 986 |
| Antidepressant use | − 0.719* (0.356) | − 0.0360 (0.358) | 272,485 | 1.250 (1.630) | − 1.033 (2.615) | 986 |
| Mental disorders (any) | − 0.728 (0.391) | 0.338 (0.392) | 272,485 | 2.163 (1.580) | − 0.733 (2.497) | 986 |
| Internalizing | − 0.330 (0.317) | 0.278 (0.319) | 272,485 | 1.255 (1.424) | − 1.933 (2.259) | 986 |
| Externalizing | − 0.449** (0.152) | 0.029 (0.153) | 272,485 | 0.908 (0.643) | 0.467 (1.037) | 986 |
| Developmental | 0.180 (0.136) | 0.295* (0.138) | 272,485 | − 0.088 (0.580) | − 0.847 (0.925) | 986 |
| Other mental disorders | − 0.189 (0.263) | 0.148 (0.265) | 272,485 | 1.343 (1.153) | − 2.122 (1.812) | 986 |
| High-risk health behaviour | − 0.432* (0.183) | 0.071 (0.184) | 272,485 | − 0.869 (0.656) | − 0.473 (1.047) | 986 |
| Adjustments | ||||||
| Child's sex | x | x | x | x | ||
| Birth year | x | x | ||||
| Birth order | x | x | ||||
| Maternal age at birth | x | |||||
| Maternal smoking | x | x | ||||
| Parental education at birth | x | |||||
| Family structure at birth | x | |||||
| Income decile at birth | x | x | ||||
| Hospital district at birth | x | |||||
Standard Errors in parentheses. Sample sizes vary across outcomes, but are held constant for each outcome across estimations for each type of analysis. Sibling fixed effects used for the within-family models. Significance levels: ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05
aThe coefficient (multiplied by 100) for GPA represents a linear estimation, not a probability