Table 7.
Differences in the probability (percentage points) of social and mental-health outcomes at ages 16–18 among singleton children conceived by medically assisted reproduction (MAR) versus those conceived naturally. Between-family and within-family analyses of singleton children born in Finland 1995−2000, adjusted for sociodemographic factors
| MAR | Between− family sample | Within− family sample | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | N | Model 3 | Model 4 | N | |
| Grade point average (GPA) a | 23.40*** (1.141) | 3.217*** (1.046) | 212,611 | 3.661 (2.965) | 1.224 (3.562) | 2446 |
| Academic track (ref. vocational) | 10.49*** (0.493) | 0.850* (0.456) | 261,030 | 2.580* (1.157) | 0.399 (1.376) | 4375 |
| School dropout | − 0.630*** (0.168) | 0.0387 (0.169) | 271,710 | − 0.096 (0.404) | 0.285 (0.477) | 4603 |
| NEET status at age 18 | − 1.088*** (0.184) | 0.001 (0.184) | 271,710 | − 0.678 (0.450) | − 0.315 (0.532) | 4603 |
| Early home-leaving | − 6.232*** (0.367) | − 1.622*** (0.359) | 271,710 | − 0.804 (0.831) | 0.590 (0.984) | 4603 |
| Antidepressant use | − 0.149 (0.260) | 0.552** (0.262) | 271,710 | 0.216 (0.755) | 0.582 (0.893) | 4603 |
| Mental disorders (any) | − 0.278 (0.285) | 0.781*** (0.287) | 271,710 | 2.187** (0.790) | 1.357 (0.936) | 4603 |
| Internalizing | 0.013 (0.232) | 0.653*** (0.234) | 271,710 | 1.725** (0.653) | 1.185 (0.774) | 4603 |
| Externalizing | − 0.273* (0.111) | 0.135 (0.112) | 271,710 | 0.234 (0.273) | − 0.027 (0.323) | 4603 |
| Developmental | 0.203* (0.010) | 0.321*** (0.101) | 271,710 | 0.289 (0.306) | − 0.003 (0.362) | 4603 |
| Other mental disorders | − 0.246 (0.192 | 0.106 (0.193) | 271,710 | 0.809 (0.576) | 0.237) (0.680) | 4603 |
| High-risk health behaviour | − 0.242 (0.133) | 0.207 (0.134) | 271,710 | 0.292 (0.396) | 0.180) (0.469) | 4603 |
| Adjustments: | ||||||
| Child's sex | x | x | x | x | ||
| Birth year | x | x | ||||
| Birth order | x | x | ||||
| Maternal age at birth | x | |||||
| Maternal smoking | x | x | ||||
| Parental education at birth | x | |||||
| Family structure at birth | x | |||||
| Income decile at birth | x | x | ||||
| Hospital district at birth | x | |||||
Standard Errors in parentheses. Sample sizes vary across outcomes but are held constant for each outcome across estimations for each type of analysis. Sibling fixed effects used for the within-family models. Significance levels: ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05
aThe coefficient (multiplied by 100) for GPA represents a linear estimation, not a probability