Table 3.
Unadjusted and adjusted factors associated with recent rape and emotional violence
| Rape in the last 6 months | Emotional violence in the last 6 months | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Adjusted* | Unadjusted | Adjusted** | |||||
| n/N | % | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | n/N | % | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Ethnicity/race | ||||||||
| White | 34/164 (20.7%) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 126/202 (62.4%) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Ethnic/racialized minority | 16/63 (25.4%) | 1.4 (0.8–2.6) | 0.9 (0.4–1.9) | 59/71 (83.1%) | 2.2 (1.2–3.9) | 2.1 (1.0–4.5) | ||
| Sexual identity | ||||||||
| Heterosexual | 20/108 (18.5%) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 86/117 (72.5%) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| LGB | 28/112 (25.0%) | 1.2 (0.7–2.2) | 2.4 (1.1–5.2) | 94/143 (65.7%) | 0.7 (0.4–1.1) | 2.0 (1.0–4.0) | ||
| Gender identity | ||||||||
| Cis/trans women | 41/179 (22.9%) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 152/197 (77.2%) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Cis/trans men | 8/50 (16.0%) | 0.7 (0.3–1.4) | 1.3 (0.5–3.4) | 33/76 (43.3%) | 0.3 (0.2–0.4) | 0.2 (0.1–0.5) | ||
| Migration status | ||||||||
| UK citizen | 43/164 (26.2%) | 1.0 | 136/196 (69.4%) | 1.0 | ||||
| Non–UK citizen | 7/65 (10.8%) | 0.3 (0.1–0.7) | NS | 48/77 (62.3%) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | NS | ||
| Education | ||||||||
| Higher education | 24/120 (20.0%) | 1.0 | 97/147 (66.0%) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
| Secondary/primary | 24/110 (21.8%) | 1.3 (0.7–2.2) | NS | 87/129 (67.4%) | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) | 0.4 (0.2–0.7) | ||
| Drug use last 4 weeks | ||||||||
| No | 8/88 (9.1%) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 53/108 (49.1%) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Yes | 44/141 (31.2%) | 4.9 (2.2–10.8) | 3.8 (1.1–10.1) | 133/159 (83.6%) | 3.9 (2.4–6.3) | 2.0 (1.1–3.8) | ||
| Sex work sector | ||||||||
| Off-street work | 32/90 (35.6%) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 102/182 (56.0%) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Street-based | 20/147 (13.6%) | 4.9 (2.7–8.9) | 1.3 (0.5–3.7) | 89/103 (86.4%) | 4.1 (2.4–6.9) | 1.3 (0.6–3.2) | ||
| Time in sex work | ||||||||
| < 15 years | 26/125 (20.8%) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 101/145 (69.7%) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| > 15 years | 25/109 (22.9%) | 1.1 (0.6–1.9) | 0.9 (0.5–1.8) | 89/135 (65.9%) | 0.7 (0.5–1.1) | 0.5 (0.3–1.0) | ||
| Work arrangements | ||||||||
| With others | 16/85 (18.8%) | 1.0 | 68/100 (68.0%) | 1.0 | ||||
| Alone | 33/130 (25.4%) | 1.2 (0.7–2.2) | NS | 112/155 (72.3%) | 1.4 (0.9–2.2) | NS | ||
| Screening clients | ||||||||
| Never | 29/118 (24.6%) | 1.0 | 99/139 (71.2%) | 1.0 | ||||
| Always | 19/94 (20.2%) | 0.7 (0.4–1.2) | NS | 79/110 (71.8%) | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) | NS | ||
| Current housing | ||||||||
| No | 23/161 (14.3%) | 1.0 | 122/195 (62.6%) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
| Yes | 29/73 (39.7%) | 3.4 (2.0–5.8) | – | 65/78 (83.3%) | 2.4 (1.5–3.8) | 1.3 (0.6–2.8) | ||
| Recent eviction | ||||||||
| No | 41/213 (19.2%) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 169/240 (70.4%) | 1.0 | |||
| Yes | 8/14 (57.1%) | 6.3 (2.5–15.6) | 3.1 (1.1–8.4) | 14/15 (93.3%) | 5.5 (1.63–18.4) | - | ||
| Recent enforcement | ||||||||
| No | 16/148 (10.8%) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 99/180 (55.0%) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Yes | 36/89 (40.4%) | 6.1 (3.4–11.0) | 3.6 (1.3–8.4) | 92/103 (89.3%) | 6.0 (3.3–11.0) | 4.9 (1.8–13.0) | ||
| Meet daily expenses | ||||||||
| No | 13/95 (13.7%) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 66/112 (58.9%) | 1.0 | |||
| Yes | 39/142 (27.5%) | 2.80(1.5–5.2) | 2.3 (1.1–4.5) | 125/173 (72.3%) | 1.7 (1.1–2.7) | NS | ||
–, only one indicator of unstable housing was adjusted for in the final model
NS non-significant
*GEE model adjusted for ethnic and sexual identity, gender, citizenship status, drug use in the last 4 weeks, sex work sector, duration in sex work, recent eviction, any recent law enforcement, ability to meet daily expenses
**Adjusted for ethnic and sexual identity, gender, education, drug use in the last 4 weeks, sex work sector, duration in sex work, current housing status, any recent law enforcement