Table 2.
Value-added regression models of child time-use by child age
| Mother–child solo time | Father–child solo time | Two-parents’ time | Time alone | Educational activities | Unstructured activities | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | |
| Panel A: age 4–6 | ||||||||||||
| Separation | 225.65*** | 28.07 | 67.25*** | 13.15 | − 187.91*** | 34.74 | − 144.81*** | 39.24 | − 10.29 | 11.46 | 4.04 | 8.27 |
| Intercept | 189.60*** | 21.65 | 40.54*** | 10.14 | 228.27*** | 26.80 | 160.38*** | 30.27 | 114.57*** | 8.84 | 71.01*** | 6.38 |
| Controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||||
| R2 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.18 | 0.05 | 0.07 | ||||||
| Number of observations | 2104 | 2104 | 2104 | 2104 | 2104 | 2104 | ||||||
| Panel B: age 6–8 | ||||||||||||
| Separation | 252.81*** | 18.31 | 21.92* | 8.40 | − 209.01*** | 23.34 | − 99.09*** | 24.79 | − 8.99 | 7.45 | 4.67 | 5.75 |
| Intercept | 188.28*** | 14.23 | 42.73*** | 6.33 | 181.02*** | 17.84 | 117.84*** | 18.23 | 111.14*** | 5.9 | 64.23*** | 4.75 |
| Controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||||
| R2 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.18 | 0.04 | 0.07 | ||||||
| Number of observations | 4105 | 4105 | 4105 | 4105 | 4105 | 4105 | ||||||
| Panel C: age 8–10 | ||||||||||||
| Separation | 146.49*** | 11.98 | − 4.27 | 5.09 | − 128.11*** | 14.05 | − 40.15** | 15.65 | − 10.66* | 5.77 | 10.39 | 7.05 |
| Intercept | 214.18*** | 13.27 | 45.10*** | 6.66 | 253.75*** | 16.34 | 214.65*** | 17.33 | 125.30*** | 6.39 | 93.75*** | 7.81 |
| Controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||||
| R2 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.16 | ||||||
| Number of observations | 4226 | 4226 | 4226 | 4226 | 4226 | 4226 | ||||||
| Panel D: age 10–12 | ||||||||||||
| Separation | 66.01*** | 6.29 | − 3.66 | 4.24 | − 72.44*** | 5.42 | − 3.92 | 7.92 | − 7.27 | 5.26 | 14.97* | 6.66 |
| Intercept | 90.76*** | 7.38 | 37.66 | 4.86 | 75.07*** | 6.43 | 176.76*** | 9.36 | 92.05*** | 6.46 | 158.16*** | 7.77 |
| Controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||||
| R2 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.07 | ||||||
| Number of observations | 4705 | 4705 | 4705 | 4705 | 4705 | 4705 | ||||||
| Panel E: age 12–14 | ||||||||||||
| Separation | 64.24*** | 5.97 | − 10.54** | 4.10 | − 73.93*** | 5.30 | 11.99+ | 8.85 | − 12.04* | 5.01 | 16.80* | 7.20 |
| Intercept | 85.04*** | 7.96 | 38.11*** | 5.47 | 77.01*** | 7.06 | 197.54*** | 11.79 | 119.71*** | 6.81 | 183.64*** | 9.60 |
| Controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||||
| R2 | 0.17 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.08 | ||||||
| Number of observations | 4813 | 4813 | 4813 | 4813 | 4813 | 4813 | ||||||
Longitudinal study of Australian Children. K Cohort. Panel A includes waves 1–2; Panel B, waves 2–3; Panel C, waves 3–4; Panel D, waves 4–5 and Panel E, waves 5–6
Models control for the lagged dependent variable, child sex, child age, maternal education, paternal education, mother’s class, father’s class, language spoken at home, number of siblings, region of residence, and residential parent re-partnering
+p < 0.10 *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001