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. 2022 Nov 10;38(5):1277–1313. doi: 10.1007/s10680-022-09643-2

Table 2.

Value-added regression models of child time-use by child age

Mother–child solo time Father–child solo time Two-parents’ time Time alone Educational activities Unstructured activities
β SE β SE β SE β SE β SE β SE
Panel A: age 4–6
Separation 225.65*** 28.07 67.25*** 13.15 − 187.91*** 34.74 − 144.81*** 39.24 − 10.29 11.46 4.04 8.27
 Intercept 189.60*** 21.65 40.54*** 10.14 228.27*** 26.80 160.38*** 30.27 114.57*** 8.84 71.01*** 6.38
 Controls Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
 R2 0.07 0.03 0.09 0.18 0.05 0.07
 Number of observations 2104 2104 2104 2104 2104 2104
Panel B: age 6–8
Separation 252.81*** 18.31 21.92* 8.40 − 209.01*** 23.34 − 99.09*** 24.79 − 8.99 7.45 4.67 5.75
Intercept 188.28*** 14.23 42.73*** 6.33 181.02*** 17.84 117.84*** 18.23 111.14*** 5.9 64.23*** 4.75
Controls Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
R2 0.07 0.02 0.10 0.18 0.04 0.07
Number of observations 4105 4105 4105 4105 4105 4105
Panel C: age 8–10
Separation 146.49*** 11.98 − 4.27 5.09 − 128.11*** 14.05 − 40.15** 15.65 − 10.66* 5.77 10.39 7.05
 Intercept 214.18*** 13.27 45.10*** 6.66 253.75*** 16.34 214.65*** 17.33 125.30*** 6.39 93.75*** 7.81
 Controls Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
 R2 0.13 0.03 0.18 0.17 0.15 0.16
 Number of observations 4226 4226 4226 4226 4226 4226
Panel D: age 10–12
Separation 66.01*** 6.29 − 3.66 4.24 − 72.44*** 5.42 − 3.92 7.92 − 7.27 5.26 14.97* 6.66
 Intercept 90.76*** 7.38 37.66 4.86 75.07*** 6.43 176.76*** 9.36 92.05*** 6.46 158.16*** 7.77
 Controls Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
 R2 0.03 0.02 0.06 0.05 0.08 0.07
 Number of observations 4705 4705 4705 4705 4705 4705
Panel E: age 12–14
Separation 64.24*** 5.97 − 10.54** 4.10 − 73.93*** 5.30 11.99+ 8.85 − 12.04* 5.01 16.80* 7.20
 Intercept 85.04*** 7.96 38.11*** 5.47 77.01*** 7.06 197.54*** 11.79 119.71*** 6.81 183.64*** 9.60
 Controls Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
 R2 0.17 0.03 0.06 0.10 0.06 0.08
 Number of observations 4813 4813 4813 4813 4813 4813

Longitudinal study of Australian Children. K Cohort. Panel A includes waves 1–2; Panel B, waves 2–3; Panel C, waves 3–4; Panel D, waves 4–5 and Panel E, waves 5–6

Models control for the lagged dependent variable, child sex, child age, maternal education, paternal education, mother’s class, father’s class, language spoken at home, number of siblings, region of residence, and residential parent re-partnering

+p < 0.10 *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001