Table 4.
Random effect models. Children’s daily minutes. Parental separation average and long-term effects
| Mother–child solo time | Father–child solo time | Two-parents’ time | Time alone | Educational activities | Unstructured activities | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | |
| Separation average effects | 106.94*** | 7.87 | − 5.47 | 3.73 | − 96.16*** | 9.13 | − 14.05 | 10.32 | − 7.69+ | 4 | 17.35*** | 4.63 |
| Girl | 5.23 | 3.76 | − 9.37*** | 1.71 | 1.76 | 4.43 | − 12.98** | 4.93 | 8.78*** | 1.79 | − 31.45*** | 2.17 |
| 6 years old | − 90.16*** | 4.78 | − 11.32*** | 2.32 | − 35.25*** | 5.5 | 21.89*** | 6.27 | − 55.00*** | 2.54 | − 102.98*** | 2.85 |
| 8 years old | − 89.37*** | 4.98 | − 12.07*** | 2.41 | 6.4 | 5.72 | 24.57*** | 6.52 | − 51.90*** | 2.64 | − 85.09*** | 2.96 |
| 10 years old | − 192.32*** | 4.89 | − 22.76*** | 2.37 | − 180.22*** | 5.62 | − 109.47*** | 6.4 | − 110.61*** | 2.58 | − 26.89*** | 2.91 |
| 12 years old | − 207.64*** | 7.15 | − 23.89*** | 3.44 | − 166.81*** | 8.25 | − 27.84** | 9.37 | − 57.14*** | 3.73 | − 15.51*** | 4.24 |
| 14 years old | − 216.64*** | 7.36 | − 28.59*** | 3.54 | − 167.83*** | 8.5 | 45.64*** | 9.65 | − 90.18*** | 3.84 | 15.79*** | 4.36 |
| Mother’s college | 0.37 | 4.31 | 3.42+ | 1.99 | − 8.35+ | 5.06 | 12.23* | 5.65 | 18.17*** | 2.08 | − 12.67*** | 2.5 |
| Father’s college | 1.87 | 4.42 | 0.49 | 2.03 | − 9.06+ | 5.19 | 1.22 | 5.79 | 13.97*** | 2.13 | − 10.22*** | 2.56 |
| Mother: manager or professional occupation | − 12.64* | 6.08 | 8.11** | 2.91 | − 10.3 | 7.02 | 31.38*** | 7.97 | 12.56*** | 3.14 | − 6.24+ | 3.59 |
| Mother: intermediate class | − 3.7 | 6.23 | − 0.31 | 2.98 | 4.86 | 7.2 | 33.62*** | 8.17 | 8.26* | 3.22 | − 7.37* | 3.68 |
| Mother: not in employment | 33.78*** | 5.42 | − 13.37*** | 2.58 | − 12.32* | 6.28 | 29.66*** | 7.1 | 13.31*** | 2.77 | 3.36 | 3.19 |
| Father: manager or professional occupation | 2.38 | 5.34 | − 5.46* | 2.55 | 6.74 | 6.19 | 33.43*** | 7 | 6.58* | 2.74 | − 0.95 | 3.15 |
| Father: intermediate class | 2.14 | 5.86 | − 7.02* | 2.79 | 11.55+ | 6.79 | 14.76+ | 7.68 | 3.66 | 3 | 1.51 | 3.45 |
| Father: not in employment | − 66.50*** | 8.09 | 21.45*** | 3.85 | 43.91*** | 9.37 | 9.4 | 10.6 | 3.64 | 4.13 | 20.08*** | 4.77 |
| Resident parent re-partners | − 99.92*** | 15.75 | 19.11* | 7.52 | 82.62*** | 18.24 | 41.46* | 20.65 | 18.36* | 8.1 | − 12.43 | 9.3 |
| Intercept | 288.71*** | 9.54 | 70.50*** | 4.47 | 254.77*** | 11.13 | 183.69*** | 12.51 | 163.11*** | 4.76 | 197.45*** | 5.58 |
| Within R2 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.16 | 0.17 | ||||||
| Number of observations | 14,862 | 14,862 | 14,862 | 14,862 | 14,862 | 14,862 | ||||||
| − 10/− 8 Years before separation (ref) | ||||||||||||
| − 6/− 4 Years before separation | 16.38* | 7.77 | 5.49 | 3.66 | − 3.84 | 9.05 | − 21.89* | 10.19 | − 2.23 | 3.91 | 0.33 | 4.56 |
| − 2 Years before separation | − 3.93 | 10.32 | 7.71 | 4.93 | − 6.45 | 11.96 | 0.1 | 13.54 | − 4.49 | 5.33 | 7 | 6.1 |
| 0 Years since separation | 134.65*** | 10.2 | 4.19 | 4.86 | − 116.47*** | 11.82 | − 35.20** | 13.37 | − 6.71 | 5.25 | 20.02*** | 6.02 |
| + 2 Years after separation | 104.55*** | 12.42 | − 7.35 | 5.94 | − 83.18*** | 14.38 | 6.56 | 16.29 | − 4.5 | 6.42 | 16.80* | 7.34 |
| +4/+6 Years after separation | 48.90*** | 12.51 | − 16.54** | 5.93 | − 63.73*** | 14.52 | 3.36 | 16.4 | − 10.16 | 6.38 | 20.01** | 7.36 |
| Girl | 5.04 | 3.76 | − 9.41*** | 1.71 | 1.87 | 4.43 | − 12.89** | 4.93 | 8.81*** | 1.78 | − 31.56*** | 2.17 |
| 6 years old | − 90.66*** | 4.78 | − 11.51*** | 2.32 | − 34.84*** | 5.5 | 22.23*** | 6.27 | − 55.03*** | 2.54 | − 103.06*** | 2.85 |
| 8 years old | − 89.85*** | 4.98 | − 12.26*** | 2.42 | 6.98 | 5.74 | 24.14*** | 6.54 | − 52.03*** | 2.64 | − 85.26*** | 2.97 |
| 10 years old | − 191.83*** | 4.9 | − 22.61*** | 2.38 | − 180.08*** | 5.65 | − 110.82*** | 6.43 | − 110.82*** | 2.6 | − 27.17*** | 2.92 |
| 12 years old | − 202.56*** | 7.23 | − 22.36*** | 3.47 | − 169.31*** | 8.35 | − 32.26*** | 9.48 | − 57.24*** | 3.77 | − 15.50*** | 4.28 |
| 14 years old | − 210.05*** | 7.47 | − 26.51*** | 3.59 | − 171.02*** | 8.63 | 41.17*** | 9.8 | − 90.20*** | 3.9 | 15.81*** | 4.43 |
| Mother’s college | 0.31 | 4.31 | 3.58+ | 1.98 | − 8.27 | 5.06 | 11.92* | 5.66 | 18.12*** | 2.08 | − 12.61*** | 2.5 |
| Father’s college | 1.76 | 4.42 | 0.49 | 2.03 | − 8.97+ | 5.19 | 1.15 | 5.8 | 13.89*** | 2.13 | − 10.14*** | 2.56 |
| Mother: manager or professional occupation | − 12.06* | 6.07 | 8.27** | 2.91 | − 10.52 | 7.03 | 30.84*** | 7.97 | 12.45*** | 3.15 | − 6.20+ | 3.59 |
| Mother: intermediate class | − 3.03 | 6.23 | − 0.11 | 2.98 | 4.46 | 7.2 | 33.00*** | 8.17 | 8.21* | 3.22 | − 7.33* | 3.68 |
| Mother: not in employment | 33.98*** | 5.41 | − 13.28*** | 2.58 | − 12.43* | 6.27 | 29.42*** | 7.1 | 13.26*** | 2.77 | 3.29 | 3.19 |
| Father: manager or professional occupation | 5.52 | 5.37 | − 4.45+ | 2.56 | 4.9 | 6.22 | 31.75*** | 7.04 | 6.86* | 2.76 | − 0.69 | 3.17 |
| Father: intermediate class | 4.59 | 5.87 | − 6.09* | 2.8 | 10.08 | 6.81 | 13.41+ | 7.7 | 3.88 | 3.01 | 1.79 | 3.47 |
| Father: not in employment | − 66.12*** | 8.08 | 21.45*** | 3.84 | 43.67*** | 9.37 | 9.58 | 10.6 | 4.08 | 4.14 | 20.03*** | 4.77 |
| Resident parent re-partners | − 78.04*** | 16.01 | 23.69** | 7.64 | 67.39*** | 18.55 | 29.06 | 21 | 17.76* | 8.22 | − 13.04 | 9.45 |
| Intercept | 285.02*** | 9.59 | 69.07*** | 4.49 | 256.45*** | 11.19 | 187.06*** | 12.58 | 163.22*** | 4.78 | 197.16*** | 5.61 |
| Within R2 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.16 | 0.17 | ||||||
| Number of observations | 14,862 | 14,862 | 14,862 | 14,862 | 14,862 | 14,862 | ||||||
Longitudinal study of Australian Children. K Cohort, waves 1–6, weekdays time-diaries
+p < 0.10 *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
Results from 12 separated random effects GLS models. Six models estimate separation average effects from intact to a separated family (above) and six additional models estimate the long-term separation effects including the years before and after separation (below) to predict children’s daily minutes. In all 12 models, the reference category of child age is “4 years old” and the reference category of both mother’s class and father’s class is “working-class occupation”. All models control additionally for language spoken at home and the country’s region of residence