Table 6.
Random effects regression models of child time use, interactions with child gender
| Mother–child solo time | Father–child solo time | Two-parents’ time | Time alone | Educational activities | Unstructured activities | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | |
| Panel A: average effects | ||||||||||||
| Boys | ||||||||||||
| Separation | 105.72*** | 11.65 | − 9.28 | 5.72 | − 103.53*** | 13.37 | − 2.13 | 15.16 | − 9.78+ | 5.73 | 24.05*** | 7.07 |
| Intercept | 296.68*** | 13.55 | 66.79*** | 6.53 | 244.02*** | 15.62 | 168.98*** | 17.61 | 154.85*** | 6.49 | 197.90*** | 8.09 |
| Controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||||
| Within R2 | 0.2 | 0.01 | 0.17 | 0.07 | 0.18 | 0.2 | ||||||
| Number of observations | 7476 | 7476 | 7476 | 7476 | 7476 | 7476 | ||||||
| Girls | ||||||||||||
| Separation | 105.36*** | 10.6 | − 1.92 | 4.83 | − 90.54*** | 12.49 | − 24.14+ | 14.05 | − 6.01 | 5.57 | 11.75* | 5.98 |
| Intercept | 284.66*** | 12.9 | 64.76*** | 5.87 | 268.96*** | 15.32 | 186.00*** | 17.16 | 180.13*** | 6.75 | 166.28*** | 7.34 |
| Controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||||
| Within R2 | 0.19 | 0.02 | 0.19 | 0.06 | 0.17 | 0.15 | ||||||
| Number of observations | 7386 | 7386 | 7386 | 7386 | 7386 | 7386 | ||||||
| Panel B: long-term effects | ||||||||||||
| Years before/after separation (Ref.: − 10/− 8) | ||||||||||||
| 1.5 | 31.75** | 11.14 | − 1.01 | 5.22 | − 10.05 | 12.83 | − 43.55** | 14.46 | − 5 | 5.54 | − 3.77 | 6.47 |
| −2 | 11 | 15.25 | 1.02 | 7.27 | 33.87+ | 17.55 | − 12.36 | 19.88 | − 9.09 | 7.83 | 2.8 | 8.96 |
| 0 | 142.18*** | 14.24 | − 1.67 | 6.77 | − 125.41*** | 16.39 | − 33.11+ | 18.56 | − 11.55 | 7.29 | 26.39** | 8.35 |
| 2 | 104.61*** | 17.29 | − 0.76 | 8.25 | − 78.97*** | 19.89 | − 13.23 | 22.54 | − 10.68 | 8.89 | 36.85*** | 10.16 |
| 0.6667 | 60.22*** | 17.64 | − 21.35* | 8.36 | − 59.34** | 20.31 | − 13.39 | 22.97 | − 11.47 | 8.95 | 24.75* | 10.32 |
| Girls | 7.35+ | 4.11 | − 10.39*** | 1.87 | 3.05 | 4.75 | − 15.59** | 5.3 | 8.06*** | 1.92 | − 31.22*** | 2.34 |
| Years before/after separation X girls | ||||||||||||
| 1.5 | − 33.25* | 15.42 | 13.85+ | 7.23 | 15.42 | 17.76 | 36.96+ | 20.02 | 4.18 | 7.68 | 10.42 | 8.96 |
| -2 | − 33.61 | 20.77 | 14.59 | 9.9 | − 71.25** | 23.9 | 20.28 | 27.08 | 7.87 | 10.66 | 10.19 | 12.2 |
| 0 | − 11.31 | 19.51 | 13.23 | 9.28 | 6 | 22.45 | − 28.87 | 25.42 | 3.82 | 9.98 | − 12.64 | 11.44 |
| 2 | 1.7 | 23.44 | − 11.93 | 11.19 | − 14.49 | 26.97 | 24.84 | 30.57 | 8.32 | 12.06 | − 41.07** | 13.78 |
| 0.6667 | − 14.99 | 22.87 | 7.39 | 10.83 | − 15.99 | 26.33 | 27.26 | 29.77 | 1.33 | 11.59 | − 10.49 | 13.38 |
| Intercept | 293.03*** | 7.76 | 63.75*** | 3.58 | 258.69*** | 8.95 | 234.45*** | 10.04 | 178.80*** | 3.74 | 198.22*** | 4.46 |
| Controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||||
| Within R2 | 0.17 | 0.02 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.15 | 0.17 | ||||||
| Number of observations | 14,862 | 14,862 | 14,862 | 14,862 | 14,862 | 14,862 | ||||||
Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. K Cohort, waves 1–6 (2002–2014). +p < 0.10 *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
Panel A shows regression estimated separately in two subsamples of girls and boys (i.e., 12 regressions, six per sex). Panel B shows six regressions where each of them includes an interaction term between child’s sex and separation in a categorical form that indexes years before and after. All models control for child sex, child age, maternal education, paternal education, mother’s class, father’s class, language spoken at home, number of siblings, region of residence, and residential parent re-partnering. Confidence intervals are included at the 95% level (number of observations = 14,862)