Table 1.
Characteristic distribution of participants
| Males (n = 12,604) | Females (n = 5093) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 58.95 (13.99) | 54.81 (14.03) | < 0.001 |
| Education (n, %) a | 0.281 | ||
| Primary school or below | 1030 (8.2) | 452 (8.9) | |
| Middle school | 7545 (59.9) | 3008 (59.1) | |
| High school or above | 4029 (32.0) | 1633 (32.1) | |
| Physical activity (n, %) b | 7229 (57.4) | 3251 (63.8) | < 0.001 |
| Current smoking (n, %) | 3062 (24.3) | 825 (16.2) | < 0.001 |
| Current drinking (n, %) | 6301 (50.0) | 1858 (36.5) | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) c | 26.03 (3.07) | 24.32 (3.50) | < 0.001 |
| Obesity (n, %) d | 2777 (23.2) | 678 (14.1) | < 0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 128.24 (15.81) | 119.86 (17.87) | < 0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 73.01 (10.76) | 67.99 (10.08) | < 0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.36 [0.98,1.97] | 1.14 [0.82,1.59] | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.52 [3.90,5.17] | 4.76 [4.20,5.39] | < 0.001 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.97 [2.38,3.57] | 3.06 [2.51,3.64] | < 0.001 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.19 [1.03,1.41] | 1.44 [1.20,1.72] | < 0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5.37 [4.98,6.01] | 5.06 [4.75,5.47] | < 0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.77 [5.48,6.19] | 5.71 [5.46,6.00] | < 0.001 |
| Health status (n, %) | |||
| Hypertension | 4192 (33.3) | 1051 (20.6) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes | 2166 (17.2) | 421 (8.3) | < 0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 4761 (37.8) | 1241 (24.4) | < 0.001 |
| Cardiovascular diseases | 627 (5.0) | 144 (2.8) | < 0.001 |
| Medication use (n, %) | |||
| Antihypertensive | 1734 (13.8) | 441 (8.7) | < 0.001 |
| Antidiabetic | 719 (5.7) | 139 (2.7) | < 0.001 |
| Lipid lowering | 1128 (8.9) | 372 (7.3) | < 0.001 |
| Anti-gout | 60 (0.5) | 3 (0.1) | < 0.001 |
| Aspirin | 439 (3.5) | 95 (1.9) | < 0.001 |
| Homocysteine (μmol/L) | 11.8 [9.8,14.7] | 9.0 [7.4,11.0] | < 0.001 |
| Uric acid (μmol/L) | 372.0 [323.0,423.0] | 284.0 [243.0,330.0] | < 0.001 |
| BaPWV (cm/s) | 1489.0 [1345.0,1713.0] | 1391.0 [1252.0,1595.0] | < 0.001 |
Data are presented as mean (SD), median [IQR], or number (%), as appropriate
Abbreviations: SD standard deviation, IQR interquartile range, BMI body mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, baPWV brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity
aEducation level was divided into primary school or below, middle school, and high school or above
bPhysical activity refers to having moderate or intense exercise ≥ 80 min a week
cBMI was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared
dObesity is confirmed by BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2