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. 2022 Nov 23;16:993019. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2022.993019

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Copyright © 2022 Hashemizadeh, Hosseindoost, Omidi, Aminianfar, Ebrahimi-Barough, Ai, Arjmand and Hadjighassem.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The effect of immediate (2 h) and early (6 h) administration of two sub-toxic doses of LPS on a pro-inflammatory marker after SCI. Adult male rats received the moderate contusion SCI and LPS treatment initiated at 2 or 6 h post-SCI. Real-time PCR quantification was performed to evaluate pro-inflammatory markers at 1 (A), 4 (B) 7 (C), and 28 (D) days after SCI. Gene expression is normalized to the same-day SCI group. Regardless of injection time, LPS 0.5 mg/kg significantly reduces mRNA level pro-inflammatory at 1, 4, and 28 dpi compared to the SCI. There was a trend to increase pro-inflammatory gene during 28 days after the SCI in low-dose LPS (0.2 mg/kg) treatment groups. Days *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 versus SCI (main effect of treatment), n = 3, mean + SEM n = 3 for each group.