Table 3.
Coexisting congenital defects.
| Characteristics | Number | Surgical treatment in infancy |
|---|---|---|
| Congenital heart disease (cardiovascular) | ||
| ASD | 10 | 1 (PA banding) |
| VSD | 6 | — |
| AVSD | 1 | — |
| PA stenosis | 3 | — |
| CoA | 2 | 1 |
| Right aortic arch, vascular ring | 2 | 1 |
| Musculoskeletal | ||
| Vertebral anomalies (butterfly vertebra, vertebral fusion, hemivertebra, additional vertebra, additional ribs) | 6 | — |
| Limb deformation (poikilodactylia, tibial hypoplasia) | 2 | 1 |
| Genitourinary | ||
| Polycystic kidney | 3 | — |
| Renal agenesis | 2 | — |
| Hydronephrosis | 1 | — |
| Urachal cyst | 1 | 1 |
| Genital/urinary abnormality | 1 | 1 |
| Gastrointestinal | ||
| Anal atresia/ARM | 4 | 4 |
| Duodenal atresia/annular pancreas | 1 | 1 |
| Cloacal malformation | 1 | 1 (colostomy/vesicostomy) |
| Pyloric stenosis | 1 | 1 |
| Otolaryngological | ||
| Ears anomalies | 4 | 2 |
| CHARGE syndrome | 1 | — |
| Cleft palate | 2 | 2 |
| Laryngeal cleft | 1 | — |
| Intracranial/cranial facial | ||
| Corpus callosum agenesis | 1 | — |
| Occipital meningocele | 1 | 1 |
| Chromosomal | ||
| Trisomy 21 | 3 | — |
| Trisomy 18 (Edwards) | 1 | — |
ASD, atrial septal defect; VSD, ventricular septal defect; AVSD, atrioventricular septal defect; PA, pulmonary artery; CoA, aortic coarctation.