TABLE 2.
Ethnobotanical information of medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Gullele botanical garden in treating human diseases.
| Local name | Botanical name | Family | LF | PU | MPAP | CD | Disease indication | RA | Medical uses with ICPC-2 | RFC | FL% (ailment) | Voucher specimen no. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Category | ||||||||||||
| Sessa | Alchemilla pedata Hochst. ex A.Rich. | Rosaceae | H | Wh | Cr | D | Common cold, thyroid, anemia, depression or anxiety | Dr | Digestive | 0.16 | 40.00 (Thyroid) | MDU 146 |
| Respiratory | ||||||||||||
| Endocrine | ||||||||||||
| Eret | Aloe percrassa Tod. | Asphodelaceae | H/S | L | Cr,PW | F | Hemorrhoids, remove dead skin from hair (Dandruff), malaria, eye disease, wound, hair lose | Dr,O,E | General and unspecified | 0.20 | 35.00 (Hemorrhoids) | MDU 111 |
| Cardiovascular | ||||||||||||
| Skin | ||||||||||||
| Malaria | ||||||||||||
| Eye | ||||||||||||
| Sariitii | Asparagus botswanicus Sebsebe | Asparagaceae | S | R, L | Chw, Pw | F | STDs (L), impotence(L), hemorrhoids (R) | O | General and unspecified, | 0.05 | 28.00 (Impotence) | MDU 154 |
| Cardio vascular | ||||||||||||
| Male genital System | ||||||||||||
| Azamir | Bersama abyssinica Fresen. | Francoaceae | S | L | Cr | F | Diabetes mellitus | O | Endocrine | 0.03 | 70.00 (Diabetes) | MDU199 |
| Yesetan merfe | Bidens pilosa L. | Asteraceae | H | L | P | D | Malaria & fungal | O | Malaria | 0.08 | 60.00 (Malaria) | MDU 214 |
| General | ||||||||||||
| Sanaafica | Rhamphospermum nigrum (L.) Al-Shehbaz | Brassicaceae | H | Se | Pw | F | Gout arthritis | Dr | Endocrine | 0.03 | 50.00 (Gout arthritis) | MDU 187 |
| Qumanya,Tibira | Brucea antidysenterica J.F.Mill. | Simaroubaceae | TS | L | P | B | Diarrhoea | O | Digestive | 0.20 | 60.00 (Diarrhoea) | MDU 184 |
| Adaaddo/anfaari | Buddleja polystachya Fresen | Scrophulariaceae | TS | R,L | Pw, Co | F | Evil eye | Ha, Dr | Psychological | 0.32 | 75.00 (Evil eye) | MDU 158 |
| Agam | Carissa spinarum L. | Apocynaceae | S | Rb | SmB | F | Evil eye | N | Psychological | 0.43 | 90.00 (Evil Eye) | MDU 108 |
| Zikita | Calpurnia aurea (Aiton) Benth. | Fabaceae | S | L,R | Cr,P(L) | F | Ascariasis (L), rabies (R), | Dr | Endocrine | 0.53 | 50.00 (Ascariasis) | MDU114 |
| gland cancer (R) | Digestive | |||||||||||
| Skin | ||||||||||||
| Gura antuta | Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. | Apiaceae | H | L | Cr | F | Headache, damaged skin,lose color (vitiligo) | O, N | General and unspecified | 0.35 | 85.00 (Headache) | MDU 149 |
| Skin | ||||||||||||
| Yazo egier | Clematis simensis Fresen. | Ranunculaceae | Cl | L | Cr | F | Tonsillitis, rheumatic, wounds, bloatsengraving skin with iron | D | Musculoskeletal | 0.68 | 90.00 (Tonsillitis) | MDU 159 |
| General and unspecified | ||||||||||||
| Digestive | ||||||||||||
| Skin | ||||||||||||
| Misrich | Clerodendrum abilioi R.Fern. | Lamiaceae | S | R,L | P (L), Pw | B | Gonorrhoea (R), rabies(L), measles(L), tuberculosis (R), colic (L), eye disease (L), malaria(L), swellings in the body(L), wound dressings(L), asthma (R) and anaphrodisiac (R), inducing fertility | N, Dr | General and unspecified | 0.73 | 75.00 (Eye) | MDU 164 |
| Eye | ||||||||||||
| Malaria | ||||||||||||
| Respiratory | ||||||||||||
| Skin | ||||||||||||
| Neurological | ||||||||||||
| Child bearing | ||||||||||||
| Female and male genital | ||||||||||||
| Anccote | Clutia abyssinica Jaub. & Spach | Peraceae | S | Wh | Cr,Chw | F | Wound | Dr | General and unspecified | 0.25 | 85.00 (wound) | MDU 209 |
| Yehiya anjet | Commelina benghalensis L. | Commelinaceae | H | St | P | B | Infertility, burns, sore throats, sore eyes, diarrhoea with blood and mucus (dysentery), rashes, and leprosy. ring warm | Dr | Female genital, | 0.22 | 50.00 (Leprosy) | MDU 196 |
| Skin, | ||||||||||||
| Eye, | ||||||||||||
| Respiratory | ||||||||||||
| Not reported | Erigeron steudelii (Sch.Bip. ex A.Rich.) Sch.Bip. ex Schweinf. | Asteraceae | H | L | P | F | Wound | Dr | Skin | 0.08 | 75.00 (wound) | MDU 192 |
| Chegogot | Cyathula uncinulata (Schrad.) Schinz | Amaranthaceae | H | L | Sq | D | Wound | Dr | Skin | 0.66 | 90.00 (wound) | MDU 118 |
| Astenagirt | Datura stramonium L. | Solanaceae | H | L | PW,P | Stomach, intestinal pain, toothache, and fever, scalp, to treat dandruff and falling hair. | O,Dr | General and unspecified | 0.75 | 80.00 (Stomach) | MDU 163 | |
| Digestive | ||||||||||||
| Skin | ||||||||||||
| Not reported | Delphinium wellbyi Hemsl. | Ranunculaceae | H | R,Fl | Pw | B | Common cold (Fl),anaemia(R) | Dr, O | General and unspecified | 0.06 | 50.00 (Anaemia) | MDU 110 |
| Blood | ||||||||||||
| Sonshi | Dichrocephala integrifolia (L.f.) Kuntze | Asteraceae | H | L | Cr | F | Wart | Dr | Skin | 0.03 | 90.00 (wart) | MDU 126 |
| Alimt | Discopodium penninervium Hochst. | Solanaceae | S | L | Sq | D | Prolonged labor | Hd | Pregnancy | 0.05 | 80.00 (prolonged labor) | MDU 145 |
| Kitkita | Dodonaea viscosa subsp. angustifolia (L.f.) J.G.West | Sapindaceae | S | L | Cr,PW | D | Stomach, intestinal pain, toothache, and fever, scalp, dandruff, and falling hair. | O | Digestive | 0.75 | 70.00 (Stomach) | MDU177 |
| General and unspecified | ||||||||||||
| Koshommi/anqaqute | Dovyalis abyssinica (A.Rich.) Warb. | Salicaceae | S | R,L | Cr | B | Indigestion (R,L) and, increase life expectancy (R,L) | O,Dr | Digestive | 0.03 | 80.00 (Stomach) | MDU 144 |
| General and unspecified | ||||||||||||
| Kebericho | Echinops kebericho Mesfin | Asteraceae | S | R | Cr,Pw | Migraine, mental illnesss, heart pain, lung TB, leprosy, diarrhoea, kidney, malaria, bilharzias, and amoebic, fever, stomach-ache, and cough, mosquitoes and as a snake repellent, inhaled to fight typhus and fever. | D | Psychological | 0.96 | 100.00 (snake repellent) | MDU 166 | |
| Skin | ||||||||||||
| Endocrine | ||||||||||||
| Respiratory | ||||||||||||
| Digestive | ||||||||||||
| General and unspecified | ||||||||||||
| Sombbo/Duduna | Ekebergia capensis Sparrm. | Meliaceae | T | Sb | Co | F | Lung, tuberculosis syphilis & seizure | O | Neurological | 0.23 | 50.00 (lung tuberculosis) | MDU 169 |
| General and unspecified | ||||||||||||
| Haanquu | Embelia schimperi Vatke | Primulaceae | T,S | L | P | B | Infertility, trachoma | Dr, O | Eye, Female and male gentile | 0.30 | 50.00 (Trachoma) | MDU 176 |
| Barzaafi adi | Eucalyptus globulus Labill. | Myrtaceae | T | Fi, Fr | Cr, Pw (Fr) | B | Chronic diarrhoea, headache | O | Digestive | 0.95 | 85.00 (diarrhoea) | MDU 174 |
| General and unspecified | ||||||||||||
| Qulqualda | Eulophia streptopetala Lindl. | Orchidaceae | H | Wh | P, Smb | F | General weakness (supply energy especially for people living with HIV virus) | O | General and unspecified | 0.026 | 50.00 (weakness) | MDU 189 |
| Ashkita | Galium abaujense Borbás | Rubiaceae | H | St,L | P | F | Eczema (chife) (St or L) | Dr | Skin | 0.05 | 100.00 (Eczema) | MDU 152 |
| Heexo | Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J.F.Gmel. | Rosaceae | T | Fb | Co | B | Tapeworm, fracture making | O | Musculoskeletal | 0.17 | 80.00 (fracture bone) | MDU203 |
| Digestive | ||||||||||||
| Skin | ||||||||||||
| General and unspecified | ||||||||||||
| Hin’dHe,Garam’bba | Hypericum revolutum Vahl | Hypericaceae | S | L,Se | Co (Se), In (L) | F | Evil eye, jaundice, & headache | O, N | Psychological. Digestive, General and unspecified | 0.15 | 50.00 (Jaundice) | MDU 200 |
| Arem | Hypoestes forskaolii (Vahl) R.Br. | Acanthaceae | H | L | Cr | D | Dandruff | Dr | Skin | 0.03 | 50.00 (Dandruff) | MDU 202 |
| Inshoshilla | Impatiens rothii Hook.f. | Balsaminaceae | H | L | Pw | B | Dandruff | HD | Skin | 0.05 | 80.00 (Dandruff | MDU 205 |
| Woynagift | Pentanema confertiflorum (A.Rich.) D.Gut.Larr., Santos-Vicente, Anderb., E.Rico & M.M.Mart.Ort. | Asteraceae | H | R | Cr | F | Fungus | Dr | General and unspecified, | 0.03 | 50.00 (Fungus) | MDU 206 |
| Blood | ||||||||||||
| Not Reported | Inula acaulis Schott & Kotschy ex Boiss. | Asteraceae | H | L | Pw | B | Epistaxis | Dr | Blood | 0.01 | 80.00 (Epistaxis) | MDU 195 |
| Habte harege/Tenbelel | Jasminum abyssinicum | Oleaceae | Cl | L | Cr | D | Wound | Dr | Skin, General and unspecified | 0.083 | 90.00 (wound) | MDU173 |
| Hochst. ex DC. | ||||||||||||
| Gattiraa,hindhessa | Juniperus procera | Cupressaceae | T | R,Sb,Fr | Pw | B | Haematuria (blood in the urine) (R, Sb & Fr) | O | Endocrine, | 0.11 | 75.00 (kidney) | MDU 175 |
| Hochst. ex Endl. | ||||||||||||
| Endawula | Kalanchoe petitiana A.Rich. | Crassulaceae | H | L,Wh.R | Chw,PW | F | Swelling by heating(L), gonorrhoea (Wh), syphilis(R) | O | General and unspecified | 0.28 | 80.00 (Gonorrhoea) | MDU 150 |
| Skin | ||||||||||||
| Osote/Gendela | Lactuca inermis Forssk. | Asteraceae | H | Wh | Ch | F | Sexual weakness (Impotency) | Dr | Male genital | 0.66 | 90.00 (Impotency) | MDU 148 |
| Kosekoso | Laggera tomentosa (A.Rich.) Sch.Bip. ex Oliv. & Hiern | Asteraceae | H | L | Sq, Pw | F | Tonsil, headache, fumigant in cleaning, leech in livestock | N, Dr | Respiratory | 0.68 | 100.00 (leech) | MDU 127 |
| General and unspecified | ||||||||||||
| Skin | ||||||||||||
| Talba | Linum usitatissimum L. | Linaceae | H | Se | P | F | Wound | Dr | General and unspecified | 0.53 | 90.00 (wound) | MDU 179 |
| Kaseegammojji | Lippia abyssinica (Otto & A.Dietr.) Cufod. | Verbenaceae | S | L | P | D | Herpes simplex virus | Dr, O | General and unspecified | 0.33 | 85.00 (herpes) | MDU 140 |
| Skin | ||||||||||||
| Wazimma | Medicago sativa L. | Fabaceae | H | Fr | Pw | B | Tinea versicolor | O, N | Skin | 0.22 | 50.00 (Tinea versicolor) | MDU 215 |
| Birbira | Millettia ferruginea (Hochst.) Hochst. ex Baker | Fabaceae | T | L,Se,Fr, | Cr,Pw, | D | Toothaches (L), wound (Se), earache (Fr),insecticidal (Se) | Dr | General and unspecified | 0.71 | 50.00 (wound) | MDU 210 |
| Skin | ||||||||||||
| Kataba | Myrica salicifolia Hochst. ex A.Rich. | Myricaceae | T | Rb,R | Pw | D | Gonorrhoea (R) and edema leg swelling (Rb) | O | General and unspecified | 0.15 | 65.00 (Gonorrhoea) | MDU 105 |
| Qacamoo | Myrsine africana L. | Primulaceae | S | Fr | Cr | B | Dewormers (Kosso) | O | General and unspecified | 0.11 | 85.00 (dewormers) | MDU 147 |
| Shinet | Myrsine melanophloeos (L) R.Br. ex Sweet | Primulaceae | T | Lb,Fr | P,Pw | F | Diabetes mellitus (Lb), scabies (Fr) | Dr, O | Endocrine, | 0.03 | 50.00 (Diabetes) | MDU 216 |
| Skin | ||||||||||||
| Woyra | Olea europaea L. | Oleaceae | T | L | Sq, Co | F | Eye disease & fungus | Dr, E | Eye | 0.85 | 85.00 (Eye) | MDU 142 |
| General and unspecified | ||||||||||||
| Tifie | Olinia rochetiana A.Juss | Penaeaceae | TS | L | Cr | F | Wound | Dr | General and unspecified | 0.06 | 90.00 (wound) | MDU 151 |
| Tosign | Origanum vulgare L. | Lamiaceae | S | L | Cr, PW | Skins sores, aching muscles, asthma; cramping, diarrhoea | Dr,O | Skin | 0.86 | 50.00 (Asthma) | MDU 219 | |
| Respiratory | ||||||||||||
| Digestive, musculoskeletal | ||||||||||||
| Yelmachew | Oxalis corniculata L. | Oxalidaceae | H | R,L | P | B | Vomiting (R&L) | O,V | Digestive | 0.05 | 50.00 (Vomiting) | MDU 172 |
| Erbaa | Phyllopentas schimperi (Hochst.) Y.D.Zhou & Q.F.Wang | Rubiaceae | S | L | Pw | F | General weakness | O | General and unspecified | 0.03 | 70.00 (weakness) | MDU 194 |
| Qundo arege | Periploca linearifolia Quart.-Dill.& A.Rich | Apocynaceae | H | Wh | Cr | B | Heart disease & wound | Dr, O | Cardiovascular | 0.18 | 85.00 (Heart) | MDU 109 |
| Darguu | Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. | Arecaceae | H | R,L | Cr | F | Diarrhoea with the presence of blood and mucus (L) | V | Blood | 0.40 | 50.00 (wound) | MDU 178 |
| Digestive, | ||||||||||||
| hemorrhage (R), digestive (L) | Skin | |||||||||||
| decreased passing of urine (R) | Cardiovascular | |||||||||||
| facilitate evacuation of the bowels(L) | Urological | |||||||||||
| manage weight(L), asthma(L) and, diarrhoeaL),haemorrhoids(R), Rheumatic pains(R), itches and skin eruption(R,L). | Musculoskeletal | |||||||||||
| Handode | Phytolacca dodecandra L'Hér. | Phytolaccaceae | S | R,L,Fr | Cr, Pw | B | Benign growth on the skin(L) | O | General and unspecified | 0.25 | 90.00 (Warts) | MDU 119 |
| (Warts), gonorrhoea (R) and gastritis(Fr) | Digestive | |||||||||||
| Skin | ||||||||||||
| Ganoxxobbi | Plantago lanceolata L. | Plantaginaceae | H | L,St,R | Cr, Pw (L) | B | Gastritis and benign growth on the skin (Wart) (St,R) and trachoma (L) | Dr, O | Eye, | 0.32 | 50.00 (Trachoma) | MDU 182 |
| Skin, Digestive | ||||||||||||
| Hoomi,Burayya | Prunus zippeliana Miq. | Rosaceae | T | Sb | Cr | D | Sexual weakness (Impotence), tumor (hard swelling) | O | General and unspecified | 0.48 | 65.00 (Impotence) | MDU 181 |
| Male genital | ||||||||||||
| Gesho | Rhamnus prinoides L'Hér. | Rhamnaceae | TS | Fr | In, P | B | For pigment lost from areas of the skin, causing whitish patches (Vitiligo) | Dr, O | Skin | 0.58 | 70.00 (Vitiligo) | MDU183 |
| Qadiida | Rhamnus staddo A.Rich. | Rhamnaceae | TS | R | Stb | D | The condition that causes you to wake up during the night to urinate (Nocturia) | O | Psychological, urological | 0.18 | 50.00 (Nocturia) | MDU 155 |
| Qobbo | Ricinus communis L. | Euphorbiaceae | H | Fr | Cr | B | Fungal & infection during illegal abortion | Dr | General and unspecified | 0.80 | 60.00 (Fungus) | MDU 220 |
| Incibirri | Rubia cordifolia L. | Rubiaceae | Cl | R,L | Co, Pw | B | Hard swelling (Tumor) | Dr | General and unspecified | 0.05 | 50.00 (Tumor) | MDU 221 |
| Amoch | Rubus steudneri Schweinf. | Rosaceae | S | L | P, Pw | B | Liver disease (Hepatitis) | O | Endocrine | 0.03 | 60.00 (Hepatitis) | MDU 102 |
| Tsenadam | Ruta chalepensis L. | Rutaceae | s | L,FI | Chw,Cr | Frequent, prolonged, and intense crying or fussiness in a healthy infant (Colicky babies) (F), diarrhoea (L), earache(L), heart pain (L), haemorrhoids (FI), influenza symptoms (FI) and intestinal disorders (L) | O | Urological, | 080 | 50.00 (urological) | MDU 243 | |
| Female genital | ||||||||||||
| Pregnancy | ||||||||||||
| Maqimaqqo | Rumex abyssinicus Jacq. | Polygonaceae | H | Wh | Co, Cr | B | A small, hard, benign growth on the skin (Wart) and sexual weakness (Impotency) | Dr, O | Skin | 0.70 | 60.00 (Wart) | MDU 112 |
| Male genital | ||||||||||||
| Tult | Rumex nepalensis Spreng. | Polygonaceae | H | R | Co,Pw | B | A small, hard, benign growth on the skin (Wart) & a dark patch of infected skin (Tinea nigra) | O | Skin | 0.13 | 50.00 (wart) | MDU 113 |
| Haye | Salix mucronata Thunb. | Salicaceae | T | Rb | Co, Pw | F | Disease caused of dogs (Rabies) | O | Skin | 0.03 | 60.00 (Rabis) | MDU 106 |
| Hulegeb | Salvia nilotica Juss. ex Jacq. | Lamiaceae | H | Wh | Cr | F | Sleep-inducing effect (Sedative), herpes simplex | N, O | Neurological | 0.08 | 50.00 (Herpes) | MDU101 |
| Garda/chifrig | Sida schimperiana Hochst. ex A.Rich. | Malvaceae | S | L | P, Ch | F | Wound | Dr | Skin | 0.10 | 50.00 (wound) | MDU 107 |
| Maera | Spiniluma oxyacantha (Baill.) Aubrév. | Sapotceae | TS | R | Stb,Sq | B | Wound | Dr | Skin | 0.05 | 60.00 (wound) | MDU 115 |
| Ashkla harege | Smilax anceps Willd. | Smilacaceae | LiS | R | P | F | Lung disease (Tuberculosis) | Ha, O | General and unspecified | 0.04 | 50.00 (Tuberculosis) | MDU 122 |
| Solanecio gigas (Vatke) C.Jeffrey | Asteraceae | TS | Wh | P, Pw | B | Sexual weakness (Impotency) | Dr | Male genital | 0.03 | 60.00 (Impotence) | MDU 130 | |
| Geber emboye/nechi/ | Solanum marginatum L.f. | Solanaceae | S | FR,St | Sq | B | Birth control & Sexual, weakness (Impotence) (Fr &St). | O, N | Pregnancy, male genital, | 0.88 | 85.00 (Birth control) | MDU 124 |
| Wulkifa | Sparrmannia ricinocarpa (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Kuntze | Malvaceae | H | R | Stb | F | Hepatitis | O | Endocrine | 0.11 | 90.00 (hepatitis) | MDU 123 |
| Enguchite/kalaala | Stephania abyssinica (Quart.-Dill. & A.Rich.) Walp. | Menispermiaceae | Cl | Wh | Cr, Pw (R), StB | B | General weakness, heart disease, cholera, skin | Dr, O | General and unspecified | 0.65 | 50.00 (Heart) | MDU 116 |
| Cardiovascular | ||||||||||||
| Digestive | ||||||||||||
| Skin | ||||||||||||
| Yahya shito | Tagetes minuta L. | Asteraceae | H | L | Ch,p | B | Remedy for colds, respiratory, inflammations, stomach, problem, malaria, anti-parasitic, antiseptic, insecticide and sedative. | O | General and unspecified | 0.85 | 70.00 (Stomach) | MDU 213 |
| Respiratory | ||||||||||||
| Digestive | ||||||||||||
| Neurological | ||||||||||||
| Skin | ||||||||||||
| Musculoskeletal | ||||||||||||
| Sirabizu | Thalictrum alpinum L | Ranunculaceae | H | Wh | Cr, P | B | Stomach pain | N, O | Digestive | 0.51 | 60.00 (Stomach pain) | MDU 156 |
| Male genital | ||||||||||||
| Dobbi/samma | Urtica simensis Hochst. ex A.Rich. | Urticaceae | H | L | Sq | B | Gastritis & Sexual weakness | O | Digestive | 0.33 | 50.00 (Impotence) | MDU 137 |
| Gurra harre/ketetina | Verbascum sinaiticum Benth. | Scrophulariaceae | H | R,L | Pw, In(L,R) | F | TB (R), stomach(l) trouble(L), wound(L), syphilis(R) & heart failure infusion(L) | O, N | General and unspecified | 0.40 | 50., 00 (Digestive) | MDU218 |
| Cardiovascular | ||||||||||||
| Dheebicha/girawa | Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Delile) Sch.Bip. | Asteraceae | S | L | Cr, Chw, | F | Toxicity and wound, leech from livestock | Dr, O | General and unspecified | 0.91 | 85.00 (Wound) | MDU 135 |
| Gujo/reji | Orbivestus leopoldii (Sch.Bip. ex Walp.) H.Rob. | Asteraceae | S | R,L | Cr,Co, Chw Pw | F | Snake bite (L) & menstruation problem(R) | Dr, N | Skin | 0.75 | 60.00 (Snake bite) | MDU 136 |
| Female genital | ||||||||||||
| Araressa/harege eressa | Zehneria scabra subsp. scabra. | Cucurbitaceae | Cl | L,St | Stb(R), Co (St) | B | Gout arthritis (L), Wart (St) | Dr,N,O | Skin(St) | 0.51 | 50.00 (Gout arthritis) | MDU197 |
| Respiratory(L) |
B, Both; Ch, Chewing; Cl, Climber; Co, Concoction; Cr, crushing; Chw, crushing and homogenizing with water; Dr, Dermal; D, dried; Eo, Eye ointment; Fl, Flower; Fb, flower bud; Fr, fruit; F, fresh; Ha, Hanging; Hd, Head; H, herb; In, Infusion; Fi, internal fiber; L, Leaves ; Lb, Leaves bud; Li, Lianas; LF, life form (LF); MPAP, Methods of preparation and application; N, Nasal; O, Oral; PU, Plant part used; P, pounding; Pw, powdering ; RFC, relative frequency of citations; RA, route of administration; R, oot; root bark (Rb); Se, seed; S, shrub; Smb, smoke bath; Sq, squeezing; St, stem; Sb, stem bark; Stb, steam bath; TS, tree/shrub; T, tree; V, vaginal; VN, vernacular name; W, whole.