Table 1.
Stain imaging technique comparison in DMD.
| Modality | Basic description | Advantages | Disadvantages | Application In DMD |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Strain Techniques | ||||
| Tagging/HARP | Tracks grid of radio-frequency labeled tags on myocardium | Commonly used, good reproducibility, extensive validation | Low spatial resolution, post-processing, fading tags, no standardization, additional scan time | (15, 17) |
| CMR-FT | Tracks brightness, tissue contrast throughout cycle | No additional scanning needed, regional and global strain measurements | Regional strain less reproducible, motion artifacts, sedation may be required in young children | (36) |
| SENC, DENSE, TPM, HARP | Strain measurement directly from specific MR sequences | High spatial and temporal resolution, good accuracy | Additional acquisitions, post-processing, not well-studied in DMD | (15, 17) |
| Echocardiography Strain Techniques | ||||
| 2D-STE | Tracks image texture (speckles) in the myocardium | Angle independent, semi/fully automatic analysis, less noise than TDI | Through plane motion, poor imaging windows in DMD, inter-vendor differences | (37) |
| 3D-STE | Tracks image texture (speckles) in 3D image of the myocardium | Measures deformation in 3D, no geometric assumptions, LV rotational deformation possible, EA estimate possible | Lower spatial and temporal resolution compared to 2D-STE, inter-vendor differences, no standardization | (38) |
| TDI | Measures tissue velocity gradients which are then integrated to derive strain | High temporal resolution, fast assessment of single region | Angle dependent, 1D, comprehensive LV assessment cumbersome, noisier than STE | (39) |
| VVI | Integrates 2D tissue velocity gradients to derive strain | 2D, reproducible, angle independent | Image quality dependent, vendor variability, no standardization | (12) |
STE, speckle tracking echocardiography; DTI, Doppler Tissue Imaging; VVI, Velocity Vector Imaging; CMR-FT, Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Feature Tracking; SENC, Strain ENCoded; DENSE, Displacement Encoding with Stimulated Echoes; TPM, Tissue Phase Mapping; HARP, HARmonic Phase imaging.