Table 2.
Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios of early initiation of breastfeeding stratified by type of delivery and place of birth according to income group for 73 countries from LMICs. Household health surveysa, 2010–2019.
| Income group | Type and place of delivery | Prevalence ratio (PR) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Crude PR (95% CI) | Adjb PR (95% CI) | ||
| All countries | Institutional vaginal delivery | Ref | Ref |
| (n = 73) | Home vaginal delivery | 0.927 (0.921; 0.934) | 0.927 (0.920; 0.934) |
| C-section public facilities | 0.620 (0.610; 0.629) | 0.618 (0.609; 0.628) | |
| C-section private facilities | 0.550 (0.538; 0.563) | 0.553 (0.541; 0.566) | |
| Low-income | Institutional vaginal delivery | Ref | Ref |
| (n = 25) | Home vaginal delivery | 0.878 (0.868; 0.888) | 0.879 (0.868; 0.890) |
| C-section public facilities | 0.542 (0.519; 0.565) | 0.544 (0.521; 0.567) | |
| C-section private facilities | 0.545 (0.497; 0.598) | 0.552 (0.503; 0.605) | |
| Lower-middle income | Institutional vaginal delivery | Ref | Ref |
| (n = 28) | Home vaginal delivery | 0.947 (0.937; 0.956) | 0.954 (0.943; 0.964) |
| C-section public facilities | 0.658 (0.643; 0.673) | 0.650 (0.635; 0.665) | |
| C-section private facilities | 0.557 (0.542; 0.572) | 0.555 (0.540; 0.571) | |
| Upper-middle income | Institutional vaginal delivery | Ref | Ref |
| (n = 20) | Home vaginal delivery | 1.016 (0.995; 1.038) | 0.987 (0.965; 1.010) |
| C-section public facilities | 0.609 (0.595; 0.622) | 0.612 (0.599; 0.626) | |
| C-section private facilities | 0.534 (0.511; 0.558) | 0.547 (0.523; 0.572) | |
aMultiple Indicator Cluster Survey, Demographic Health Survey and National Health and Nutrition Survey (Ecuador).
bAdjusted for place of residence, maternal age, maternal formal education, wealth quintiles.
C-section cesarean section; CI confidence interval.