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. 2023 Jan 5;33(1):38–44. doi: 10.2188/jea.JE20220056

Table 2. Odds ratios of severe grades according to sex and age in 23,414 COVID-19 patients registered in Japan.

Adjusted variables Grade 2/3/4/5 (HF,NIPPV/IMV/ECMO/death), n = 1,531 Grade 3/4/5 (IMV/ECMO/death), n = 1,149 Grade 5 (death), n = 902
Age Men, vs women Age Men, vs women Age Men, vs women
β2 OR
(95% CI)
per +10 yearsa 		β1 OR
(95% CI)		 Equivalent risk
in age, years:
β1/β2 (95% CI)		 β2 OR
(95% CI)
per +10 years		 β1 OR
(95% CI)		 Equivalent risk
in age, years:
β1/β2 (95% CI)		 β2 OR
(95% CI)
per +10 years		 β1 OR
(95% CI)		 Equivalent risk
in age, years:
β1/β2 (95% CI)
Sex/age 0.069 2.00
(1.92–2.08)		 1.021 2.78
(2.46–3.13)		 14.7 (13.0–16.5) 0.087 2.38
(2.25–2.50)		 1.026 2.79
(2.43–3.20)		 11.9 (10.2–13.5) 0.123 3.42
(3.17–3.70)		 0.961 2.62
(2.25–3.04)		 7.8 (6.6–9.1)
Sex/age and date of admissionb 0.072 2.06
(1.97–2.14)		 1.015 2.76
(2.44–3.12)		 14.1 (12.3–15.8) 0.091 2.48
(2.35–2.62)		 1.022 2.78
(2.42–3.19)		 11.2 (9.7–12.8) 0.128 3.58
(3.30–3.88)		 0.956 2.60
(2.23–3.03)		 7.5 (6.3–8.7)
Sex/age, date of admissionb, and smoking 0.070 2.02
(1.94–2.11)		 0.916 2.50
(2.19–2.85)		 13.0 (11.1–14.9) 0.089 2.43
(2.29–2.57)		 0.940 2.56
(2.20–2.97)		 10.6 (8.9–12.3) 0.125 3.49
(3.21–3.78)		 0.865 2.38
(2.01–2.81)		 6.9 (5.6–8.3)
Sex/age, date of admissionb, and body mass index 0.074 2.10
(2.01–2.20)		 1.012 2.75
(2.43–3.11)		 13.6 (11.9–15.3) 0.091 2.48
(2.35–2.63)		 1.040 2.83
(2.46–3.26)		 11.4 (9.8–13.0) 0.126 3.51
(3.23–3.81)		 0.985 2.68
(2.29–3.13)		 7.8 (6.6–9.1)
Sex/age, date of admissionb, and comorbiditiesc 0.064 1.90
(1.81–1.99)		 0.914 2.49
(2.19–2.83)		 14.2 (12.1–16.3) 0.080 2.23
(2.10–2.37)		 0.915 2.50
(2.15–2.89)		 11.4 (9.5–13.3) 0.117 3.22
(2.94–3.53)		 0.824 2.28
(1.93–2.69)		 7.0 (5.6–8.5)
Allc 0.064 1.90
(1.81–2.00)		 0.843 2.32
(2.02–2.66)		 13.1 (10.9–15.3) 0.079 2.21
(2.07–2.35)		 0.872 2.39
(2.04–2.80)		 11.0 (8.9–13.1) 0.115 3.16
(2.88–3.47)		 0.789 2.20
(1.84–2.63)		 6.8 (5.3–8.4)

CI, confidence interval; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; HF, high-flow oxygen devices; IMV, invasive mechanical ventilation; NIPPV, non-invasive positive pressure ventilation; OR, odds ratio.

β1, partial regression coefficient of men vs women; β2, partial regression coefficient of age in years. Partial regression coefficients, ORs, and CIs were estimated using a multiple logistic regression model.

aOR per +10 years increase in age was calculated as exp(β2 × 10).

bThe date of admission was categorized into 7 periods with 2-month intervals and used for the adjustment.

cAdjusted for the presense of congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disorders, hemiplegia, dementia, COPD, chronic lung diseases other than COPD, mild liver disease, diabetes mellitus, obesity, moderate to severe renal dysfunction, maintenance hemodialysis before hospitalization, solid cancers, leukemia, lymphoma, metastatic solid cancers, and connective tissue disease.