TABLE 1.
Characteristics of participants by groups of vitamin E intake.
| Total | Low intake (<13.20 mg/d) | Low-medium intake (13.20∼17.54 mg/d) | Medium-high intake (17.54∼23.63 mg/d) | High intake (>23.63 mg/d) | ||
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| (n = 1550) | (n = 387) | (n = 388) | (n = 388) | (n = 387) | P-value* | |
| Baseline | ||||||
| Age, mean (SD) | 71.05 (7.1) | 73.66 (7.5) | 71.11 (6.8) | 70.88 (7.0) | 68.56 (6.1) | <0.001 |
| Sex, female, n (%) | 834 (53.8) | 233 (60.2) | 218 (51.2) | 205 (52.8) | 178 (46.0) | 0.001 |
| Cigarette smoking, n (%) | 164 (10.6) | 36 (9.3) | 31 (8.0) | 45 (11.6) | 52 (13.5) | 0.065 |
| Alcohol drinking, n (%) | 143 (9.2) | 30 (7.8) | 38 (9.9) | 36 (9.3) | 39 (10.1) | 0.697 |
| Education year, mean (SD) | 11.94 (4.0) | 11.00 (4.5) | 11.94 (4.0) | 12.19 (3.9) | 12.63 (3.5) | <0.001 |
| APOE ε4+, n (%) | 259 (16.7) | 62 (16.0) | 68 (17.5) | 60 (15.5) | 69 (17.8) | 0.777 |
| Physical activity (METs), mean (SD) | 25.73 (24.9) | 21.49 (22.5) | 25.35 (23.4) | 25.29 (26.9) | 30.80 (25.9) | <0.001 |
| Cognitive activity, mean (SD) | 39.42 (12.0) | 34.98 (11.9) | 38.98 (11.7) | 40.68 (12.0) | 43.09 (11.1) | <0.001 |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 24.67 (3.5) | 24.15 (3.6) | 24.51 (3.3) | 25.07 (3.5) | 24.95 (3.4) | 0.001 |
| CESD, mean (SD) | 7.88 (7.8) | 8.70 (8.2) | 7.99 (7.9) | 7.51 (7.3) | 7.33 (7.7) | 0.068 |
| Total energy intake, kcal/d, mean (SD) | 1254.93 (685.0) | 896.25 (230.8) | 1121.20 (261.7) | 1275.55 (323.0) | 1727.85 (1133.6) | <0.001 |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acid intake, g/d, mean (SD) | 5.36 (7.5) | 2.91 (1.2) | 4.22 (1.5) | 5.17 (1.8) | 9.15 (14.1) | <0.001 |
| Carotene intake, μg/d, mean (SD) | 2973.49 (2206.7) | 2035.96 (940.1) | 2619.31 (1211.8) | 2981.80 (1423.9) | 4259.68 (3533.9) | <0.001 |
| Vitamin C intake, mg/d, mean (SD) | 94.50 (61.5) | 61.83 (26.7) | 80.42 (23.8) | 93.88 (29.1) | 141.98 (97.5) | <0.001 |
| Follow-up | ||||||
| Incident dementia cases, n (%) | 135 (8.7) | 55 (14.2) | 30 (7.7) | 33 (8.5) | 17 (4.4) | <0.001 |
| Rate of annual MMSE decline, mean (SD) | 0.35 (1.0) | 0.53 (1.5) | 0.31 (1.0) | 0.34 (0.8) | 0.21 (0.6) | <0.001 |
*Comparison among the four groups; APOE, apolipoprotein E; BMI, Body mass index; CESD, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.