Table 1.
Different pathways relevant modulators and effects in aneurysm SAH.
| Pathway | Modulator | Relationship | Immune cells and/or cytokines | Relevant effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PI3K/Akt | Aggf1 | Positive | Microglia and neutrophil | Improve the inflammatory response; alleviate secondary brain injury. | (127, 128) |
| MFG-E8, CXCL12 | Positive | // | Promote vascular endothelial repair. | (129) | |
| LRP1, SHC1, pSer473 | Positive | M2 microglial | Improve white matter injury and inflammation. | (130–134) | |
| RARα, IKKα/β | Positive | M2 microglial | Improve inflammatory response and reduce neuronal apoptosis after SAH. | (135–137) | |
| EAAT2 | Positive | Astrocytes | Improve EBI and immune responses after SAH. | (138–140) | |
| TNC | Negative | // | Contribute to neuroinflammation. | (141) | |
| 5-lipoxygenase | Negative | LTB4, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 | Contribute to EBI after SAH. | (142) | |
| ERK | Raf proteins | Positive | IL-6, IL-1β, and MMP-9 | Promote inflammatory response. | (143) |
| Compound C | Positive | Microglial | Promote neuroprotection. | (144) | |
| Peli1 | Positive | M1 microglia | Contribute to neuroinflammation in EBI following SAH. | (145) | |
| LXA4 | Positive | TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 | Improve inflammatory response after SAH. | (146) | |
| HIF-1α | TLR4 | Positive | TNF-α and interleukin | Promote inflammatory response after SAH. | (147) |
| 2-ME | negative | Microglia, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α | Improve inflammatory response and EBI. | (148) | |
| STAT | HMGB1 | Positive | IL-1 and MMP-9 | Promote inflammation EBI after SAH. | (149–151) |
| NOX2 | Positive | M1 microglia | Promote the oxidative stress and inflammation. | (152) | |
| PK2 | Positive | A2 astrocytic | Improve immune and inflammation environment to alleviate EBI after SAH. | (153, 154) | |
| EPO receptor | Positive | M2 microglial | Alleviate inflammation. | (155) | |
| TSG-6 | Negative | Microglia/macrophages | Protect immune cell and alleviate inflammation. | (156) | |
| SIRT1 | RSV | Positive | IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α | Improve inflammation. | (157) |
| MR | Positive | NF-κB | Improve EBI after SAH. | (158) | |
| PDE-4 | Negative | Microglia, IL-10, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 | Promote SAH-induced EBI. | (159, 160) | |
| HMGB1 | Negative | Promote inflammatory response. | (161) | ||
| OA | Positive | TLR4, TNF-α, IL-1β, and NF-κB | Improve inflammation. | (162) | |
| NLRP3 | Negative | IL-1β | Promote inflammatory response and aneurysm rupture. | (163) | |
| TGF-β | CB2R | Positive | TGF-β1 and E-selectin | Prevent leukocyte infiltration and BBB after SAH. | (164) |
| GPR120 | positive | TAK1 | Improve inflammation. | (165, 166) | |
| mTOR | P70S6K1, 4E-BP1 | Positive | // | Promote cerebral vasospasm after SAH. | (167, 168) |
| beclin-1 | Negative | // | Promote neuroprotective effects. | (169) | |
| TLR4/NF-κB | MCP-1 | Positive | Macrophages | Promote inflammation. | (170) |
| NFKBIA | Negative | // | Improve inflammation and apoptosis. | (171) | |
| Prx2 | Positive | Microglia | Promote inflammation. | (172) | |
| Keap1/Nrf2/ARE | NF-κB p65 | Negative | Astrocytes | Promote inflammation. | (173–175) |
| PHB2 | Positive | // | Improve EBI after SAH. | (7, 176) |