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. 2022 Nov 23;10:1000657. doi: 10.3389/fped.2022.1000657

Table 1.

Economics and demographic characteristics of the 8 selected countries in 2019 (22).

Country Schengen border-free area Number of inhabitants Real per capita GDP (€) Proportion of 0–14-year-olds (%) Proportion of 15–24-year-olds (%) Age (years) of mother at birth of first child Crude birth rate Infant mortality rate
BE Yes 11,445,519 36,080 16.9 11.4 29.1 10.2 3.7
DE Yes 83,019,213 35,950(p) 13.6 10.4 29.8 9.4 3.2
ES Yes 46,937,060 25,200(p) 14.8 9.8 31.1 7.6 2.6
FR Yes 67,290,471 33,250(p) 18.0(p) 11.8(p) 28.8(p) 11.2(p) 3.8
IT Yes 59,816,673 27,230 13.2 9.8 31.3 7.0 2.4
NL Yes 17,282,163 41,980 15.9 12.3 30.1 9.8 3.6
PT Yes 10,276,617 18,670 13.7 10.6 29.9 8.4 2.8
UK No 66,647,112 32,910 17.9 11.8 29.0(a) 10.7 3.9(b)
EU-28 513,206,391 28,680 15.5(e)(p) 10.8(e)(p) 29.4(b)(e)(p) 9.5(e)(p) 3.4(a)(b)*
Range (493,559–83,019,213)1 (6,630–85,030)2 (13.2–20.5)3 (8.9–12.8)4 (26.3–31.3)5 (7.0–12.0)6 (1.6–6.7)7

BE, Belgium; DE, Germany; ES, Spain; EU, European Union; FR, France; GDP, Gross domestic product; IT, Italy; NL, Netherlands; UK, United Kingdom.

Number of inhabitants: on January 1, 2019; Real GDP per capita: ratio of the real GDP to the average population in 2019 (GDP measures the value of the total final output of goods and services produced by an economy within a certain period); Proportion by age group: share of population in a certain age group compared to the total population; Crude birth rate: ratio of the number of live births during the year to the average population in that year (expressed per 1,000 people); Infant mortality rate: ratio of the number of deaths of children under 1 year of age during the year to the number of live births in that year (expressed per 1,000 live births).

(a)2018; (b)27 countries; (e)estimated; (p)provisional. *2018; 27 countries.

1

Malta–Germany.

2

Bulgaria–Luxembourg.

3

Italy–Ireland.

4

Bulgaria–Cyprus.

5

Bulgaria–Italy.

6

Italy–Ireland.

7

Estonia–Malta.