TABLE 1.
Differences in characteristics between responders (>4 mmHg for systolic BP) and non-responders who did not present this response.
| Responders (n = 19) | Non-responders (n = 41) | Δ | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anthropometry | ||||
| Age, years | 66 ± 3 (64 to 67) | 66 ± 4 (64 to 68) | 0 ± 8 (−2 to 3) | 0.714 |
| Body weight, kg | 82 ± 10 (78 to 87) | 77 ± 14 (73 to 82) | 5 ± 30 (−12 to 2) | 0.164 |
| Height, cm | 168 ± 7 (164 to 172) | 166 ± 8 (162 to 169) | 2 ± 8 (−8 to 3) | 0.305 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29 ± 3 (28 to 30) | 28 ± 4 (27 to 29) | 1 ± 8 (−3 to 1) | 0.327 |
| Anti-hypertensive medications | 2 ± 1 (1 to 2) | 2 ± 1 (1 to 2) | 0 ± 8 (−1 to 1) | 0.698 |
| Diuretics, n (%) | 9 (47) | 26 (63) | — | 0.625 |
| β blockers, n (%) | 3 (16) | 9 (22) | — | 0.565 |
| Angiotensin converting enzyme inibitors, n (%) | 5 (26) | 12 (29) | — | 0.436 |
| Angiotensin receptor antagonists, n (%) | 4 (21) | 13 (32) | — | 0.398 |
| Calcium channel blockers, n (%) | 6 (32) | 9 (22) | — | 0.276 |
| Angiotensin II receptor blockers, n (%) | 1 (5) | 5 (26) | — | 0.431 |
| Hemodynamic measures | ||||
| Office systolic BP, mmHg | 134 ± 16 (123 to 146) | 139 ± 17 (133 to 145) | −5 ± 38 (−8 to 17) | 0.451 |
| Office diastolic BP, mmHg | 80 ± 10 (73 to 87) | 80 ± 11 (76 to 84) | 0 ± 25 (−8 to 8) | 0.998 |
| Resting heart rate, bpm | 66 ± 11 (60 to 72) | 65 ± 11 (61 to 70) | 1 ± 25 (−8 to 6) | 0.791 |
| Systolic ABPM, mmHg | ||||
| 24-hour Exercise | 131 ± 13 (125 to 138) | 130 ± 11 (127 to 134) | 1 ± 19 (−8 to 6) | 0.768 |
| 24-hour Control | 137 ± 13 (131 to 143) | 128 ± 12 (125 to 132) | 9 ± 19 (−15 to −2) | 0.018 |
| Δ 24-hour | −6 ± 4 (−9 to −4) | 2 ± 6 (0 to 4) | −8 ± 15 (−12 to −5) | <0.001 |
| Day-time Exercise | 135 ± 14 (129 to 143) | 134 ± 12 (130 to 137) | 1 ± 19 (−9 to 5) | 0.572 |
| Day-time Control | 140 ± 13 (134 to 147) | 131 ± 13 (127 to 135) | 9 ± 25 (−16 to −2) | 0.017 |
| Δ Day-time | −5 ± 5 (−7 to −3) | 3 ± 6 (1 to 5) | −8 ± 15 (−11 to −5) | <0.001 |
| Night-time Exercise | 124 ± 15 (117 to 131) | 121 ± 14 (116 to 125) | 3 ± 25 (−11 to 5) | 0.572 |
| Night-time Control | 129 ± 16 (121 to 136) | 119 ± 14 (114 to 123) | 10 ± 25 (−18 to −2) | 0.018 |
| Δ Night-time | −5 ± 14 (−14 to −1) | 2 ± 8 (−1 to 4) | −7 ± 19 (−14 to −3) | 0.003 |
| Diastolic ABPM, mmHg | ||||
| 24-hour Exercise | 77 ± 8 (73 to 81) | 78 ± 9 (75 to 80) | −1 ± 15 (−5 to 5) | 0.837 |
| 24-hour Control | 81 ± 8 (77 to 85) | 77 ± 9 (74 to 79) | 4 ± 15 (−9 to 1) | 0.061 |
| Δ 24-hour | −4 ± 4 (−6 to −2) | 1 ± 3 (0 to 2) | −5 ± 8 (−6 to -3) | <0.001 |
| Day-time Exercise | 81 ± 7 (78 to 85) | 80 ± 9 (77 to 83) | 1 ± 15 (−6 to 4) | 0.596 |
| Day-time Control | 83 ± 8 (80 to 88) | 80 ± 10 (76 to 82) | 3 ± 8 (−10 to 0) | 0.059 |
| Δ Day-time | −2 ± 5 (−5 to −1) | 0 ± 3 (−1 to 1) | −2 ± 8 (−5 to −1) | 0.008 |
| Night-time Exercise | 70 ± 10 (65 to 75) | 70 ± 10 (66 to 73) | 0 ± 19 (-6 to 5) | 0.946 |
| Night-time Control | 74 ± 8 (70 to 78) | 69 ± 10 (66 to 72) | 5 ± 19 (−10 to 0) | 0.065 |
| Δ Night-time | −4 ± 7 (−8 to −1) | 1 ± 4 (−1 to 2) | −5 ± 15 (−8 to −2) | 0.002 |
Values are Means ± standard deviation (95% Confidence Interval); BMI, body mass index; ABPM, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; Δ ABPM is comparing the results of the interventions (exercise session minus control session).
Bold p-values indicate significant results (p < 0.05).