TABLE 3.
Differences in characteristics between responders and non-responders for 24-h systolic BP in each exercise modality.
| Responders | Non-responders | Δ | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aerobic exercise, n (%) | 7 (37) | 12 (63) | — | — |
| Anti-hypertensive medications, n (%) | ||||
| Diuretics | 2 (29) | 4 (33) | — | 0.405 |
| β blockers | 2 (29) | 3 (25) | — | 0.701 |
| Angiotensin converting enzyme inibitors | 2 (29) | 3 (25) | — | 0.701 |
| Angiotensin receptor antagonists | 0 (0) | 2 (17) | — | 0.156 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 4 (57) | 3 (25) | — | 0.515 |
| Systolic ABPM, mmHg | ||||
| 24-hour Exercise | 126 ± 6 (123 to 132) | 122 ± 10 (115 to 128) | 4 ± 10 (−4 to 12) | 0.345 |
| 24-hour Control | 133 ± 7 (128 to 138) | 120 ± 7 (114 to 126) | 13 ± 7 (6 to 20) | 0.001 |
| Δ 24-hour | −7 ± 4 (−9 to −2) | 2 ± 6 (-2 to 6) | −9 ± 5 (−12 to -2) | 0.008 |
| Diastolic ABPM, mmHg | ||||
| 24-hour Exercise | 77 ± 7 (72 to 82) | 73 ± 10 (68 to 80) | 4 ± 10 (−7 to 10) | 0.737 |
| 24-hour Control | 81 ± 8 (75 to 86) | 72 ± 7 (67 to 77) | 9 ± 7 (2 to 16) | 0.016 |
| Δ 24-hour | −4 ± 3 (−6 to −1) | 1 ± 4 (−1 to 5) | −5 ± 5 (−9 to −2) | 0.004 |
| Combined exercise, n (%) | 5 (26) | 14 (74) | — | — |
| Anti-hypertensive medications, n (%) | ||||
| Diuretics | 2 (40) | 4 (29) | — | 0.637 |
| β blockers | 1 (20) | 4 (29) | — | 0.709 |
| Angiotensin converting enzyme inibitors | 1 (20) | 4 (29) | — | 0.709 |
| Angiotensin receptor antagonists | 0 (0) | 2 (14) | — | 0.372 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 3 (60) | 4 (29) | — | 0.211 |
| Systolic ABPM, mmHg | ||||
| 24-hour Exercise day | 129 ± 8 (116 to 142) | 128 ± 10 (122 to 134) | 1 ± 11 (−10 to 12) | 0.871 |
| 24-hour Control day | 132 ± 7 (121 to 146) | 124 ± 10 (118 to 130) | 8 ± 8 (−2 to 18) | 0.121 |
| Δ 24-hour | −4 ± 1 (−5 to −4) | 3 ± 5 (0 to 6) | −7 ± 4 (−13 to −2) | 0.008 |
| Diastolic ABPM, mmHg | ||||
| 24-hour Exercise | 76 ± 7 (64 to 88) | 77 ± 9 (71 to 82) | −1 ± 11 (−12 to 10) | 0.796 |
| 24-hour Control | 78 ± 4 (71 to 85) | 75 ± 9 (70 to 81) | 2 ± 8 (−7 to 12) | 0.594 |
| Δ 24-hour | −2 ± 3 (−6 to 2) | 2 ± 3 (−1 to 3) | −4 ± 4 (−7 to 1) | 0.081 |
| Resistance exercise, n (%) | 6 (26) | 17 (74) | — | — |
| Anti-hypertensive medications, n (%) | ||||
| Diuretics | 4 (67) | 15 (82) | — | 0.231 |
| β blockers | 1 (17) | 6 (35) | — | 0.394 |
| Angiotensin converting enzyme inibitors | 1 (17) | 5 (29) | — | 0.210 |
| Angiotensin receptor antagonists | 4 (67) | 10 (59) | — | 0.735 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 1 (17) | 4 (24) | — | 0.726 |
| Systolic ABPM, mmHg | ||||
| 24-hour Exercise | 129 ± 12 (116 to 141) | 132 ± 12 (125 to 138) | −3 ± 12 (−14 to 9) | 0.683 |
| 24-hour Control | 139 ± 14 (124 to 154) | 128 ± 12 (122 to 134) | 11 ± 14 (−1 to 24) | 0.075 |
| Δ 24-hour | −10 ± 5 (−15 to −5) | 4 ± 4 (1 to 6) | −14 ± 4 (−18 to −9) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic ABPM, mmHg | ||||
| 24-hour Exercise | 72 ± 8 (64 to 81) | 77 ± 9 (72 to 82) | −5 ± 12 (−15 to 5) | 0.317 |
| 24-hour Control | 79 ± 10 (68 to 89) | 76 ± 10 (71 to 81) | 3 ± 12 (−8 to 13) | 0.597 |
| Δ 24-hour | −7 ± 5 (−11 to −2) | 1 ± 2 (0 to 2) | −8 ± 2 (−10 to −5) | <0.001 |
| Isometric handgrip exercise, n (%) | 4 (22) | 14 (78) | — | — |
| Anti-hypertensive medications, n (%) | ||||
| Diuretics | 3 (75) | 7 (50) | — | 0.558 |
| Angiotensin converting enzyme inibitors | 2 (50) | 4 (29) | — | 0.596 |
| Angiotensin receptor antagonists | 0 (0) | 1 (6) | — | 1000 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 1 (25) | 2 (14) | — | 1000 |
| Angiotensin II receptor blockers | 1 (25) | 5 (36) | — | 0.683 |
| Systolic ABPM, mmHg | ||||
| 24-hour Exercise | 121 ± 10 (108 to 151) | 139 ± 13 (119 to 145) | −18 ± 12 (−31 to −4) | 0.013 |
| 24-hour Control | 132 ± 10 (128 to 149) | 137 ± 15 (126 to 144) | −5 ± 14 (−19 to 10) | 0.470 |
| Δ 24-hour | −11 ± 6 (−19 to −2) | 2 ± 5 (0 to 5) | −13 ± 6 (−19 to −7) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic ABPM, mmHg | ||||
| 24-hour Exercise | 77 ± 9 (63 to 91) | 82 ± 6 (79 to 85) | −5 ± 8 (−12 to 3) | 0.212 |
| 24-hour Control | 76 ± 8 (63 to 88) | 83 ± 6 (80 to 86) | −7 ± 6 (−14 to 0) | 0.052 |
| Δ 24-hour | 1 ± 4 (−5 to 7) | −1 ± 3 (−3 to 1) | 2 ± 4 (−1 to 6) | 0.200 |
Values are Means ± standard deviation (95% Confidence Interval); BMI, body mass index; ABPM, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; Δ ABPM is comparing the results of the interventions (exercise session minus control session).
Bold p-values indicate significant results (p < 0.05).