TABLE 4.
Differences in characteristics between responders and non-responders for 24-h diastolic BP in each exercise modality.
| Responders | Non-responders | Δ | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aerobic exercise, n (%) | 10 (53) | 9 (47) | — | — |
| Anti-hypertensive medications, n (%) | ||||
| Diuretics | 5 (63) | 5 (50) | — | 0.664 |
| Angiotensin converting enzyme inibitors | 4 (50) | 2 (20) | — | 0.321 |
| Angiotensin receptor antagonists | 0 (0) | 1 (10) | — | 1000 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 0 (0) | 3 (30) | — | 0.216 |
| Angiotensin II receptor blockers | 4 (50) | 2 (20) | — | 0.321 |
| Systolic ABPM, mmHg | ||||
| 24-hour Exercise | 126 ± 6 (120 to 131) | 127 ± 10 (118 to 136) | −1 ± 12 (−11 to 7) | 0.673 |
| 24-hour Control | 131 ± 10 (123 to 136) | 125 ± 12 (115 to 138) | 6 ± 15 (−4 to 17) | 0.188 |
| Δ 24-hour | −5 ± 4 (−9 to 2) | 2 ± 5 (−4 to 4) | −7 ± 6 (−12 to −2) | 0.013 |
| Diastolic ABPM, mmHg | ||||
| 24-hour Exercise | 74 ± 7 (70 to 79) | 76 ± 8 (69 to 84) | −2 ± 9 (−11 to 5) | 0.421 |
| 24-hour Control | 78 ± 9 (71 to 82) | 74 ± 8 (67 to 83) | 4 ± 12 (−3 to 12) | 0.219 |
| Δ 24-hour | −4 ± 2 (−6 to −2) | 2 ± 3 (−1 to 5) | −6 ± 3 (−9 to −3) | <0.001 |
| Combined exercise, n (%) | 5 (26) | 14 (74) | — | — |
| Anti-hypertensive medications, n (%) | ||||
| Diuretics | 3 (60) | 3 (21) | — | 0.262 |
| β blockers | 1 (20) | 4 (29) | — | 0.709 |
| Angiotensin converting enzyme inibitors | 1 (20) | 4 (29) | — | 0.709 |
| Angiotensin receptor antagonists | 1 (20) | 1 (7) | — | 0.421 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 1 (20) | 6 (43) | — | 0.603 |
| Systolic ABPM, mmHg | ||||
| 24-hour Exercise | 121 ± 3 (117 to 126) | 130 ± 10 (124 to 136) | −9 ± 11 (−20 to 1) | 0.076 |
| 24-hour Control | 123 ± 5 (115 to 131) | 128 ± 11 (121 to 134) | −5 ± 11 (−15 to 7) | 0.470 |
| Δ 24-hour | −2 ± 4 (−8 to 5) | 2 ± 6 (-1 to 6) | −4 ± 6 (−11 to 2) | 0.191 |
| Diastolic ABPM, mmHg | ||||
| 24-hour Exercise | 69 ± 4 (62 to 75) | 79 ± 8 (74 to 84) | −10 ± 8 (−20 to −1) | 0.028 |
| 24-hour Control | 72 ± 4 (66 to 78) | 77 ± 9 (72 to 83) | −5 ± 8 (−14 to 5) | 0.337 |
| Δ 24-hour | −3 ± 2 (−6 to −1) | 2 ± 3 (0 to 3) | −5 ± 2 (−8 to −2) | 0.005 |
| Resistance exercise, n (%) | 8 (35) | 15 (65) | — | — |
| Anti-hypertensive medications, n (%) | ||||
| Diuretics | 6 (75) | 13 (87) | — | 0.589 |
| β blockers | 1 (13) | 6 (40) | — | 0.345 |
| Angiotensin converting enzyme inibitors | 3 (38) | 4 (27) | — | 0.709 |
| Angiotensin receptor antagonists | 5 (63) | 9 (60) | — | 0.907 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 2 (25) | 3 (20) | — | 0.787 |
| Systolic ABPM, mmHg | ||||
| 24-hour Exercise | 128 ± 11 (119 to 138) | 132 ± 12 (125 to 139) | −4 ± 14 (−15 to 7) | 0.441 |
| 24-hour Control | 136 ± 14 (124 to 148) | 128 ± 13 (121 to 135) | 8 ± 16 (−4 to 20) | 0.171 |
| Δ 24-hour | −8 ± 6 (−13 to −3) | 4 ± 4 (2 to 7) | −12 ± 5 (−17 to −8) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic ABPM, mmHg | ||||
| 24-hour Exercise | 72 ± 8 (66 to 78) | 78 ± 11 (72 to 84) | −6 ± 11 (−15 to 3) | 0.194 |
| 24-hour Control | 78 ± 9 (70 to 85) | 76 ± 10 (70 to 82) | 2 ± 14 (−8 to 10) | 0.798 |
| Δ 24-hour | −6 ± 4 (−9 to −2) | 2 ± 2 (0 to 3) | −8 ± 2 (−10 to −5) | <0.001 |
| Isometric handgrip exercise, n (%) | 8 (44) | 10 (56) | — | — |
| Anti-hypertensive medications, n (%) | ||||
| Diuretics | 5 (63) | 5 (50) | — | 0.664 |
| Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors | 4 (50) | 2 (20) | — | 0.321 |
| Angiotensin receptor antagonists | 0 (0) | 1 (10) | — | 1.000 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 0 (0) | 3 (30) | — | 0.216 |
| Systolic ABPM, mmHg | ||||
| 24-hour Exercise | 134 ± 13 (123 to 145) | 137 ± 12 (129 to 145) | −3 ± 19 (−18 to 10) | 0.531 |
| 24-hour Control | 133 ± 14 (121 to 145) | 137 ± 14 (128 to 147) | −4 ± 16 (−15 to 10) | 0.652 |
| Δ 24-hour | 1 ± 7 (−6 to 5) | 0 ± 8 (−6 to 6) | 1 ± 11 (−9 to 6) | 0.741 |
| Diastolic ABPM, mmHg | ||||
| 24-hour Exercise | 79 ± 4 (76 to 82) | 83 ± 8 (77 to 88) | −4 ± 8 (−11 to 3) | 0.217 |
| 24-hour Control | 82 ± 4 (79 to 86) | 81 ± 8 (75 to 87) | 1 ± 8 (−6 to 8) | 0.709 |
| Δ 24-hour | −3 ± 2 (−5 to −2) | 2 ± 2 (0 to 3) | −5 ± 2 (−7 to −3) | <0.001 |
Values are Means ± standard deviation (95% Confidence Interval); BMI, body mass index; ABPM, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; Δ ABPM is comparing the results of the interventions (exercise session minus control session).
Bold p-values indicate significant results (p < 0.05).