Table 1.
Disease burden attributable to lead exposure from 1990 to 2019.
|
Deaths No. × 103 (95% UI) |
ASMR per 105 (95% UI) |
DALYs No. × 104 (95% UI) |
ASDR per 105 (95% UI) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 2019 | 1990 | 2019 | EAPC | 1990 | 2019 | 1990 | 2019 | EAPC | |
| Overall | 529.94 (312.63, 772.03) | 901.72 (550.91, 1,288.85) | 14.47 (8.40, 21.43) | 11.48 (7.00, 16.49) | −0.75 (−0.87, −0.64) | 1,602.50 (1,032.09, 2,216.83) | 2,167.64 (1,381.29, 3,029.77) | 378.01 (240.55, 524.18) | 267.52 (170.57, 373.44) | −1.19 (−1.32, −1.07) |
| Cardiovascular diseases | ||||||||||
| Rheumatic heart disease | 9.39 (5.10, 16.10) | 7.69 (4.09, 13.50) | 0.23 (0.12, 0.41) | 0.10 (0.05, 0.17) | −3.03 (−3.14, −2.91) | 32.02 (16.89, 54.36) | 21.35 (10.68, 37.27) | 7.18 (3.87, 12.16) | 2.58 (1.28, 4.55) | −3.53 (−3.67, −3.39) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 220.99 (124.89, 334.74) | 413.04 (242.84, 615.75) | 6.12 (3.36, 9.46) | 5.26 (3.08, 7.88) | −0.47 (−0.55, −0.39) | 540.86 (317.83, 795.06) | 836.87 (489.64, 1,244.92) | 134.35 (78.06, 199.09) | 102.26 (59.74, 152.87) | −0.88 (−0.99, −0.78) |
| Stroke | 207.41 (124.08, 304.80) | 305.27 (182.80, 435.67) | 5.53 (3.28, 8.22) | 3.85 (2.30, 5.50) | −1.34 (−1.57, −1.10) | 543.67 (325.34, 795.18) | 673.88 (391.22, 981.56) | 133.36 (80.09, 195.09) | 81.97 (47.86, 119.11) | −1.34 (−1.95, −1.52) |
| Hypertensive heart disease | 57.00 (22.33, 125.06) | 97.49 (30.51, 225.24) | 1.61 (0.57, 3.54) | 1.27 (0.39, 2.96) | −0.78 (−0.95, −0.62) | 130.84 (59.04, 267.63) | 176.95 (66.37, 384.55) | 33.36 (14.33, 69.08) | 22.04 (8.09, 47.48) | −1.41 (−1.56, −1.27) |
| Non-rheumatic valvular heart disease | 0.94 (0.41, 1.59) | 1.92 (0.83, 3.40) | 0.03 (0.01, 0.05) | 0.03 (0.01, 0.05) | −0.36 (−0.50, −0.23) | 2.05 (0.89, 3.47) | 3.19 (1.47, 5.43) | 0.52 (0.23, 0.88) | 0.40 (0.18, 0.68) | −1.02 (−1.11, −0.93) |
| Cardiomyopathy and myocarditis | 2.56 (1.05, 4.52) | 3.48 (1.45, 6.35) | 0.08 (0.03, 0.14) | 0.05 (0.019, 0.08) | −2.00 (−2.13, −1.86) | 6.21 (2.57, 10.81) | 7.45 (2.94, 13.66) | 1.57 (0.65, 2.70) | 0.92 (0.36, 1.68) | −2.01 (−2.16, −1.86) |
| Atrial fibrillation and flutter | 2.35 (1.21, 3.77) | 7.10 (4.00, 11.09) | 0.08 (0.04, 0.13) | 0.10 (0.05, 0.15) | 0.66 (0.57, 0.75) | 10.22 (5.31, 16.48) | 22.75 (12.45, 36.30) | 2.75 (1.44, 4.45) | 2.85 (1.56, 4.57) | 0.17 (0.09, 0.25) |
| Aortic aneurysm | 1.99 (0.90, 3.39) | 3.47 (1.74, 3.47) | 0.05 (0.02, 0.09) | 0.04 (0.02, −0.07) | −0.95 (−1.10, −0.80) | 4.67 (2.08, 8.10) | 7.01 (3.48, 11.51) | 1.15 (0.51, 2.00) | 0.85 (0.42, 1.40) | −1.26 (−1.41, −1.11) |
| Peripheral artery disease | 0.30 (0.10, 0.68) | 0.78 (0.30, 1.68) | 0.01 (0.00, 0.02) | 0.01 (0.00, 0.02) | 0.15 (0.004, 0.30) | 0.98 (0.39, 1.91) | 2.00 (0.86, 3.77) | 0.27 (0.11, 0.54) | 0.25 (0.11, 0.48) | −0.32 (−0.44, −0.20) |
| Endocarditis | 0.61 (0.31, 1.02) | 1.19 (0.55, 2.09) | 0.02 (0.00, 0.03) | 0.02 (0.00, 0.03) | −0.06 (−0.35, 0.22) | 1.96 (0.96, 3.34) | 2.79 (1.26, 5.05) | 0.45 (0.22, 0.74) | 0.34 (0.15, 0.62) | −1.03 (−1.27, −0.80) |
| Other cardiovascular and circulatory diseases | 4.90 (2.70, 7.84) | 7.33 (4.30, 10.81) | 0.13 (0.07, 0.21) | 0.09 (0.05, 0.14) | −1.23 (−1.31, −1.14) | 14.96 (8.04, 24.31) | 19.24 (10.42, 30.37) | 3.56 (1.94, 5.75) | 2.33 (1.26, 3.69) | −1.48 (−1.59, −1.37) |
| Mental disorders | ||||||||||
| Idiopathic developmental intellectual disability | 251.77 (114.27, 435.40) | 271.63 (120.99, 483.47) | 44.18 (19.98, 76.60) | 35.70 (15.89, 63.60) | −0.78 (−0.90, −0.66) | |||||
| Diabetes and kidney diseases | ||||||||||
| Chronic kidney disease | 21.39 (12.89, 30.89) | 52.94 (31.64, 76.23) | 0.59 (0.35, 0.85) | 0.68 (0.40, 0.98) | 0.60 (0.39, 0.81) | 62.28 (37.33, 90.76) | 122.52 (70.79, 181.80) | 15.29 (9.19, 22.14) | 15.02 (8.68, 22.26) | 0.08 (−0.14, 0.29) |
DALY, disability-adjusted life year; ASMR, age-standardized mortality rate; ASDR, age-standardized DALY rate; EAPC, estimated annual percentage change.