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. 2022 Nov 23;13:993498. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.993498

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Copyright © 2022 Qiu, Zhang, Li, Hou, Liu, Lin, Yao, Duan, Zhang, Li, Li, Wang, Li, Jin and Liu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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DD reduced cartilage ECM degradation and inhibited inflammatory factor production in OA rats. (A) The expression of PPARγ in sections of cartilage; (B) The expression of Collage II in sections of cartilage; (C) The expression of MMP-13 in sections of cartilage; (D) Quantification of histology positive cells of PPARγ, Collage II, and MMP-13; (E) The effect of DD on IL-1β, PGE2, TNF-α, and NO inflammatory cytokines. The data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 compared with the control group; ^# p < 0.05, ^## p < 0.01 compared with the OA group.