Table 2.
Risk of Breast Cancer associated with Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Modifiable Risk Factors
| Characteristics | Cases | Control | Univariate Regression | Multivariable Regression# | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N=190) | (N=187) | OR (95%CI) | P-value | OR (95%CI) | P-value | ||||||||
| BMI, n(%) | |||||||||||||
| Underweight | 9 (5.0) | 6 (3.2) | Ref | - | |||||||||
| Normal | 52 (29.1) | 74 (39.8) | 0.74 (0.26 – 2.15) | 0.583 | |||||||||
| Obese | 118 (65.9) | 106 (57.0) | 1.58 (1.02 – 2.46) | 0.041 | |||||||||
| Age in years, n(%) | |||||||||||||
| <40 years | 36 (18.9) | 34 (18.2) | Ref | - | |||||||||
| 40 – 60 years | 112 (58.9) | 98 (52.4) | 0.93 (0.54 – 1.59) | 0.782 | |||||||||
| > 60 years | 42 (22.1) | 55 (29.4) | 1.39 (0.75 – 2.57) | 0.299 | |||||||||
| Education, n(%) | |||||||||||||
| Illiterate/<5yrs of school | 19 (10.9) | 19 (10.2) | Ref | - | |||||||||
| Middle school | 11 (6.3) | 29 (15.5) | 2.64 (0.89 – 7.81) | 0.044 | |||||||||
| High school/Inter/Diploma | 40 (22.9) | 40 (21.4) | 1.00 (0.46 – 2.17) | 0.998 | |||||||||
| Graduate/Post-graduate | 82 (46.9) | 79 (42.2) | 0.96 (0.47 – 1.95) | 0.918 | |||||||||
| Professional degree | 23 (13.1) | 20 (10.7) | 0.87 (0.36 – 2.08) | 0.754 | |||||||||
| Marital Status, n(%) | |||||||||||||
| Unmarried | 7 (3.7) | 1 (0.5) | 7.12 (0.87 – 58.40) | 0.068 | |||||||||
| Married/separated/ divorced/Widowed | 183 (96.3) | 186 (99.5) | Ref | - | |||||||||
| Age at Marriage, n(%) | |||||||||||||
| < 18 yrs | 35 (18.4) | 55 (29.4) | Ref | - | |||||||||
| 18 – 24 yrs | 101 (53.2) | 86 (46.0) | 0.54 (0.33 – 0.90) | 0.019 | |||||||||
| ≥ 25 yrs | 47 (24.7) | 43 (23.0) | 0.58 (0.32 – 1.05) | 0.073 | |||||||||
| Single | 7 (3.7) | 3 (1.6) | 0.27 (0.07 – 1.12) | 0.072 | |||||||||
| Age at 1st Childbirth, n(%) | |||||||||||||
| < 25 yrs | 93 (56.0) | 108 (62.1) | Ref | - | Ref | - | |||||||
| 25 – 30 yrs | 67 (40.4) | 57 (31.8) | 0.73 (0.47 – 1.15) | 0.174 | 0.44 (0.25 – 0.78) | 0.005 | |||||||
| 30 – 35 yrs | 6 (3.6) | 9 (5.2) | 0.64 (0.44 – 3.76) | 0.639 | 0.83 (0.25 – 2.73) | 0.754 | |||||||
| Type of Delivery, n(%) | |||||||||||||
| No delivery | 19 (10.0) | 13 (7.0) | Ref | - | |||||||||
| Normal | 126 (66.3) | 135 (72.2) | 1.57 (0.74 – 3.30) | 0.239 | |||||||||
| Cesarean | 36 (18.9) | 24 (12.8) | 0.97 (0.41 – 2.34) | 0.954 | |||||||||
| Both | 9 (4.7) | 15 (8.0) | 2.44 (0.82 – 7.22) | 0.108 | |||||||||
| Late Pregnancy, n(%) | |||||||||||||
| No delivery | 14 (7.4) | 13 (7.0) | Ref | - | |||||||||
| No | 150 (78.9) | 162 (86.6) | 1.16 (0.53 – 2.56) | 0.707 | |||||||||
| Yes | 26 (13.7) | 12 (6.4) | 0.50 (0.18 – 1.38) | 0.179 | |||||||||
| Breastfeeding, n(%) | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 163 (85.8) | 173 (92.5) | Ref | - | |||||||||
| No | 27 (14.3) | 14 (7.5) | 2.05 (1.04 – 4.04) | 0.039 | |||||||||
| Breastfeeding duration in months (Median, IQR) |
12 (18) | 18 (12) | 1.01 (0.99 – 1.02) | 0.116 | |||||||||
| Oral Contraceptive Pill, n(%) | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 11 (5.8) | 5 (7.2) | Ref | - | |||||||||
| No/Never | 179 (94.2) | 182 (97.3) | 0.45 (0.15 – 1.31) | 0.143 | |||||||||
| Hormone replacement therapy, n(%) | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 12 (6.3) | 9 (4.8) | Ref | - | |||||||||
| No | 178 (93.7) | 178 (95.2) | 0.75 (0.31 – 1.82) | 0.526 | |||||||||
| Diet, n(%) | |||||||||||||
| Non-Veg | 52 (27.4) | 50 (26.7) | Ref | - | |||||||||
| Semi-Veg | 14 (7.4) | 4 (2.1) | 0.30 (0.09 – 0.96) | 0.043 | |||||||||
| Vegan/ Lacto-Veg | 124 (65.2) | 133 (71.1) | 1.12 (0.71 – 1.77) | 0.641 | |||||||||
| Dysmenorrhea, n(%) | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 23 (12.1) | 22 (11.8) | Ref | - | |||||||||
| No | 167 (87.9) | 165 (88.2) | 1.03 (0.55 – 1.93) | 0.919 | |||||||||
| Multi-vitamin uptake, n(%) | |||||||||||||
| Never | 131 (68.9) | 87 (46.5) | Ref | - | Ref | - | |||||||
| Regular | 20 (10.5) | 45 (24.1) | 3.39 (1.87 – 6.13) | <0.001 | 3.38 (1.69 – 6.77) | 0.001 | |||||||
| Occasional (Iron/Calcium) | 39 (20.5) | 55 (29.4) | 2.12 (1.30 – 3.47) | 0.003 | 3.31 (1.80 – 6.06) | <0.001 | |||||||
| Physical activity, n(%) | |||||||||||||
| Very hard | 11 (5.8) | 1 (0.5) | Ref | - | |||||||||
| Moderate | 83 (43.7) | 123 (65.8) | 7.22 (0.91 – 57.31) | 0.061 | |||||||||
| Very light | 96 (50.5) | 63 (33.7) | 16.30 (2.07 – 128.66) | 0.008 | |||||||||
| Sleeping pattern, n(%) | |||||||||||||
| Good sleeper | 121 (63.7) | 147 (78.6) | Ref | - | Ref | - | |||||||
| Poor sleeper | 13 (6.8) | 34 (18.2) | 11.34 (4.72 – 27.22) | <0.001 | 11.29 (4.36 – 29.25) | <0.001 | |||||||
| Irregular sleeper | 56 (29.5) | 6 (3.2) | 24.41 (8.48 – 70.25) | <0.001 | 34.11 (10.03 – 115.92) | <0.001 | |||||||
| Stress, n(%) | |||||||||||||
| No stress | 53 (27.9) | 111 (59.4) | Ref | - | Ref | - | |||||||
| Mild to Moderate stress | 89 (46.8) | 63 (33.7) | 2.61 (1.31 – 5.22) | 0.007 | 1.64 (0.74 – 3.60) | 0.221 | |||||||
| Severe stress | 48 (25.3) | 13 (7.0) | 7.73 (3.83 – 15.50) | <0.001 | 6.74 (3.06 – 14.81) | <0.001 | |||||||
#Variable(s) entered: Multi-vitamins-uptake, Sleep type, Stress, Age at 1st childbirth.