Table 6.
Attributable risks of ASDR in CAVD.
| Lead exposure | Diet high in sodium | High systolic blood pressure | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | Female | Both | Male | Female | Both | Male | Female | Both | |
| Global | −0.39 (−0.49~−0.28) | −0.22 (−0.40~−0.03) | −0.36 (−0.50~−0.23) | −0.14 (−0.27~−0.01) | −0.22 (−0.30~−0.14) | −0.17 (−0.27~−0.07) | −0.61 (−0.73~−0.49) | −0.71 (−0.83~−0.58) | −0.68 (−0.77~−0.59) |
| SDI level | |||||||||
| High SDI | −1.27 (−1.42~−1.12) | −0.99 (−1.15~−0.82) | −1.15 (−1.29~−1.02) | −0.53 (−0.76~−0.30) | −0.51 (−0.68~−0.34) | −0.46 (−0.67~−0.26) | −1.33 (−1.58~−1.09) | −1.05 (−1.20~−0.90) | −1.17 (−1.34~−0.99) |
| High–middle SDI | 0.65 (0.33~0.98) | 1.14 (0.68~1.61) | 0.78 (0.40~1.17) | 0.48 (0.37~0.59) | 0.92 (0.75~1.10) | 0.66 (0.53~0.78) | 0.48 (0.24~0.71) | 0.76 (0.41~1.10) | 0.62 (0.32~0.92) |
| Middle SDI | −0.40 (−0.48~−0.33) | −0.22 (−0.28~−0.15) | −0.39 (−0.46~−0.32) | −0.33 (−0.43~−0.23) | −0.75 (−0.88~−0.62) | −0.50 (−0.60~−0.41) | 0.43 (0.37~0.49) | 0.19 (0.15~0.23) | 0.29 (0.25~0.34) |
| Low–middle SDI | 0.10 (0.02~0.18) | 0.59 (0.49~0.69) | 0.22 (0.14~0.30) | 0.34 (0.30~0.39) | 0.01 (−0.09~0.11) | 0.16 (0.10~0.22) | 0.58 (0.54~0.63) | 0.35 (0.28~0.42) | 0.46 (0.40~0.51) |
| Low SDI | 0.16 (0.08~0.25) | 0.94 (0.90~0.98) | 0.38 (0.33~0.43) | −0.48 (−0.55~−0.40) | −0.28 (−0.41~−0.16) | −0.42 (−0.52~−0.33) | 0.56 (0.52~0.60) | 0.27 (0.25~0.29) | 0.41 (0.39~0.44) |
| World Bank Income Level | |||||||||
| World Bank High Income | −0.84 (−0.97~−0.71) | −0.54 (−0.73~−0.34) | −0.72 (−0.86~−0.58) | −0.26 (−0.45~−0.06) | −0.19 (−0.33~−0.06) | −0.18 (−0.35~−0.02) | −1.03 (−1.21~−0.85) | −0.79 (−0.93~−0.66) | −0.90 (−1.03~−0.76) |
| World Bank Upper Middle Income | −0.49 (−0.59~−0.39) | −0.20 (−0.30~−0.10) | −0.45 (−0.55~−0.34) | −0.17 (−0.26~−0.08) | −0.30 (−0.37~−0.22) | −0.22 (−0.29~−0.15) | 0.38 (0.30~0.45) | 0.45 (0.37~0.53) | 0.39 (0.32~0.47) |
| World Bank Lower Middle Income | 0.18 (0.07~0.29) | 0.83 (0.72~0.95) | 0.39 (0.29~0.50) | 0.24 (0.20~0.27) | 0.06 (−0.01~0.13) | 0.14 (0.10~0.19) | 0.59 (0.55~0.63) | 0.48 (0.42~0.55) | 0.53 (0.48~0.58) |
| World Bank Low Income | −0.13 (−0.21~−0.05) | 0.35 (0.30~0.39) | −0.06 (−0.13~0.00) | −1.00 (−1.07~−0.93) | −0.65 (−0.80~−0.50) | −0.88 (−0.99~−0.77) | 0.54 (0.52~0.55) | 0.09 (0.07~0.11) | 0.33 (0.31~0.34) |
| Region | |||||||||
| Andean Latin America | −0.30 (−0.40~−0.20) | −0.97 (−1.17~−0.77) | −0.54 (−0.66~−0.41) | −0.09 (−0.21~0.02) | −1.18 (−1.39~−0.97) | −0.46 (−0.59~−0.33) | 1.07 (0.83~1.30) | 0.60 (0.42~0.79) | 0.88 (0.67~1.08) |
| Australasia | −0.88 (−1.08~−0.68) | −0.72 (−0.90~−0.54) | −0.79 (−0.97~−0.61) | −1.11 (−1.34~−0.87) | −0.65 (−0.84~−0.45) | −0.89 (−1.11~−0.67) | −1.64 (−1.97~−1.30) | −1.52 (−1.80~−1.25) | −1.59 (−1.89~−1.30) |
| Caribbean | −0.23 (−0.32~−0.15) | 0.56 (0.43~0.68) | −0.11 (−0.19~−0.02) | −0.25 (−0.45~−0.05) | −0.02 (−0.19~0.14) | −0.24 (−0.43~−0.04) | 0.08 (−0.12~0.28) | 0.44 (0.28~0.61) | 0.18 (0.00~0.37) |
| Central Asia | 2.62 (2.34~2.91) | 4.58 (4.13~5.04) | 3.37 (3.04~3.70) | 1.23 (0.93~1.53) | 2.70 (2.05~3.36) | 1.85 (1.43~2.28) | 2.79 (2.49~3.10) | 4.22 (3.68~4.76) | 3.52 (3.11~3.94) |
| Central Europe | 3.92 (3.37~4.47) | 5.48 (4.93~6.04) | 4.32 (3.78~4.86) | 2.70 (2.49~2.90) | 3.69 (3.40~4.00) | 3.03 (2.80~3.26) | 3.27 (2.92~3.61) | 4.37 (3.95~4.80) | 3.81 (3.43~4.19) |
| Central Latin America | −0.77 (−0.93~−0.62) | 0.09 (−0.03~0.21) | −0.59 (−0.73~−0.44) | 0.06 (−0.28~0.39) | 0.48 (0.18~0.79) | 0.08 (−0.24~0.41) | 0.27 (0.04~0.51) | 0.76 (0.51~1.00) | 0.44 (0.20~0.68) |
| Central Sub–Saharan Africa | 0.56 (0.48~0.63) | 0.74 (0.70~0.77) | 0.53 (0.49~0.56) | 0.40 (0.36~0.44) | 0.02 (−0.07~0.11) | 0.19 (0.12~0.25) | 0.04 (0.00~0.08) | −0.28 (−0.32~−0.24) | −0.09 (−0.13~−0.06) |
| East Asia | −0.93 (−1.18~−0.68) | −1.69 (−1.97~−1.41) | −1.31 (−1.57~−1.06) | −0.52 (−0.62~−0.41) | −1.42 (−1.64~−1.19) | −0.87 (−1.00~−0.73) | 0.64 (0.37~0.90) | −0.53 (−0.91~−0.16) | 0.05 (−0.25~0.35) |
| Eastern Europe | 2.91 (2.46~3.35) | 4.05 (3.70~4.41) | 3.48 (3.07~3.89) | 3.04 (2.63~3.46) | 3.51 (3.10~3.91) | 3.42 (3.04~3.79) | 2.91 (2.54~3.28) | 3.55 (3.15~3.95) | 3.42 (3.10~3.74) |
| Eastern Sub–Saharan Africa | −0.64 (−0.72~−0.55) | −0.07 (−0.17~0.02) | −0.59 (−0.64~−0.54) | −1.52 (−1.61~−1.42) | −0.71 (−0.91~−0.52) | −1.13 (−1.27~−0.99) | 0.92 (0.87~0.96) | 0.34 (0.21~0.46) | 0.63 (0.55~0.70) |
| High–income Asia Pacific | −1.83 (−2.21~−1.45) | −0.71 (−1.10~−0.31) | −1.22 (−1.61~−0.82) | −3.42 (−3.95~−2.89) | −2.59 (−3.06~−2.11) | −2.92 (−3.41~−2.42) | −2.29 (−2.73~−1.85) | −1.74 (−2.14~−1.35) | −1.90 (−2.30~−1.50) |
| High–income North America | −1.57 (−1.81~−1.34) | −1.25 (−1.46~−1.04) | −1.45 (−1.65~−1.25) | 0.51 (0.34~0.68) | −0.50 (−0.72~−0.27) | 0.14 (−0.05~0.33) | −1.80 (−2.16~−1.44) | −1.33 (−1.65~−1.02) | −1.55 (−1.83~−1.27) |
| North Africa and Middle East | −0.82 (−0.97~−0.67) | −1.04 (−1.17~−0.91) | −0.92 (−1.05~−0.78) | −0.41 (−0.48~−0.34) | −0.72 (−0.79~−0.65) | −0.52 (−0.57~−0.46) | −0.32 (−0.41~−0.23) | −0.67 (−0.80~−0.55) | −0.54 (−0.63~−0.44) |
| Oceania | −0.53 (−0.64~−0.42) | −0.05 (−0.11~0.01) | −0.46 (−0.54~−0.38) | −0.83 (−0.94~−0.72) | −0.37 (−0.50~−0.24) | −0.70 (−0.81~−0.58) | −0.15 (−0.22~−0.09) | 0.41 (0.31~0.50) | 0.04 (−0.03~0.11) |
| South Asia | −0.01 (−0.15~0.13) | 0.33 (0.17~0.49) | 0.07 (−0.07~0.22) | 0.54 (0.46~0.62) | −0.05 (−0.13~0.03) | 0.26 (0.19~0.33) | 0.32 (0.24~0.40) | −0.04 (−0.15~0.07) | 0.15 (0.07~0.24) |
| Southeast Asia | 0.02 (−0.09~0.13) | −0.35 (−0.48~−0.22) | −0.16 (−0.28~−0.04) | −0.84 (−0.95~−0.72) | −1.02 (−1.18~−0.86) | −0.94 (−1.07~−0.80) | 0.58 (0.53~0.64) | 0.17 (0.12~0.23) | 0.39 (0.34~0.44) |
| Southern Latin America | 0.72 (0.59~0.85) | 0.43 (0.30~0.56) | 0.51 (0.39~0.63) | 0.14 (−0.04~0.31) | −0.62 (−0.72~−0.52) | −0.28 (−0.40~−0.16) | 1.09 (0.98~1.19) | 0.54 (0.35~0.72) | 0.74 (0.61~0.86) |
| Southern Sub–Saharan Africa | 0.22 (−0.04~0.47) | 0.72 (0.53~0.92) | 0.14 (−0.07~0.36) | −0.77 (−0.96~−0.59) | −0.87 (−1.02~−0.72) | −0.89 (−1.05~−0.73) | 0.33 (0.12~0.54) | −0.22 (−0.40~−0.04) | −0.02 (−0.21~0.17) |
| Tropical Latin America | −1.20 (−1.32~−1.08) | −0.58 (−0.64~−0.52) | −1.05 (−1.13~−0.96) | −0.75 (−0.91~−0.59) | −0.77 (−0.87~−0.68) | −0.83 (−0.96~−0.69) | −0.44 (−0.60~−0.29) | −0.30 (−0.35~−0.24) | −0.41 (−0.52~−0.30) |
| Western Europe | −0.20 (−0.37~−0.03) | 0.16 (−0.10~0.41) | −0.06 (−0.26~0.15) | 0.04 (−0.13~0.20) | 0.12 (0.04~0.20) | 0.08 (−0.05~0.20) | −0.52 (−0.64~−0.39) | −0.31 (−0.41~−0.21) | −0.41 (−0.51~−0.31) |
| Western Sub–Saharan Africa | −0.41 (−0.57~−0.25) | 0.43 (0.34~0.52) | −0.37 (−0.52~−0.21) | −0.06 (−0.13~0.00) | 0.50 (0.44~0.55) | −0.07 (−0.11~−0.02) | 0.72 (0.62~0.83) | 0.89 (0.82~0.96) | 0.59 (0.49~0.69) |
ASDR, the age-standardized death rate; CAVD, calcific aortic valve disease; SDI, socio-demographic index.