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. 2022 Nov 23;12:873722. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.873722

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Copyright © 2022 Rao, Furst, Meyran, Mayoh, Neeson, Terry, Khuong-Quang, Mantamadiotis and Ekert

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) Extensive heterogeneity and distinct spatial distribution of immune cells in paediatric brain tumour microenvironment. Multiplex immunohistochemistry analysis of paediatric high-grade glioma tissue using biomarkers to identify macrophages (CD68), dendritic cells (CD11c), microglia (TMEM119) and proliferating cells (Ki67). DAPI labels all cell nuclei. Tumour infiltrating immune cells are often present in clusters, with macrophages penetrating deeper into tumour cell-rich regions, compared with dendritic cells and microglia. Scale bar is 100µm. (B) Extensive heterogeneity and distinct spatial distribution of T-cells and macrophages in adult brain tumour microenvironment. Multiplex immunohistochemistry analysis of adult glioblastoma tissue using biomarkers to identify tumour cells (CD44), endothelial cells/blood vessels (CD31), T-cells (CD3), macrophages (CD68), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9); DAPI labels all cell nuclei. Tumour infiltrating T-cells are often present in clusters, in close proximity to blood vessels, while macrophages penetrate deeper into tumour cell-rich regions. Scale bar is 200µm.