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. 2022 Aug 2;18(3):513–518. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.350192

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Graphical presentation of retina showing interactions between endothelial cells, neurons, and glia with respect to inflammatory chemokines.

The blood vessels and endothelial cells are shown in pink (9), leukocytes are shown in purple (5), muller glial cells are shown in green (7,8), microglia are shown in brown (2,3) and neurons are shown in blue (6a–c) color. The graphic also shows potassium homeostasis, glutamate metabolism and secretion of chemokines, interleukins, and trophic factors. AGEs: Advanced glycation end products; bFGF: basic fibroblast growth factor; GDNF: glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor; ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule 1; IL-1 beta: interleukin-1 beta; IL-6: interleukin 6; IL-8: interleukin 8. MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; NGF: nerve growth factor; NO: nitric oxide; PEDF: pigment epithelium-derived factor; TNF-alpha: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor. Reprinted from Rübsam et al. (2018).