Table 1.

Exemplary cytokines and mediators in glaucoma

Cytokines or mediators	Experimental model	Inference	References
TGF-β2	Aqueous humor	Associated with POAG	Aggarwal et al., 2015
TNF-α and IL-2	Human samples	Associated with POAG	Alapati et al., 2021
Renin, and Angiotensin II	Human plasma	Elevated renin levels in normal tension glaucoma	Jeon et al., 2020
ET-1, MMP-9, MCP-1, and hsCRP	Human samples	Inflammatory role in normal tension glaucoma	Lee et al., 2012
VEGF and HIF-1α	Brown Norway retired breeder rats	Global hypoxia stimulus	Ergorulet et al., 2010
ET-1 and VEGF	Human patients	ET-1 in primary open-angle glaucoma and neovascular glaucoma, and VEGF in neovascular glaucoma patients	Iwabe et al., 2010
SAA	Trabecular meshwork	IOP in glaucoma	Wang et al., 2008
IL-1/6/8, oxidative stress, and ELAM-1	Porcine trabecular meshwork cells	iROS production in mitochondria	Li et al., 2007
ET-1 and MMPs	Human optic nerve head astrocytes	Influence ECM remodelling	He et al., 2007
CRP	Human plasma	Associated with normal tension glaucoma	Leibovitch et al., 2005

CRP: C-reactive protein; ECM: extracellular matrix; ELAM-1: endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1; ET-1: endothelin 1; HIF-1α: hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha; hsCRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL-2: interleukin 2; IOP: intraocular pressure; iROS: intracellular reactive oxygen species; MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MMP-9: matrix metalloproteinase 9; POAG: primary open-angle glaucoma; SAA: serum amyloid A; TGF-β2: transforming growth factor beta 2; TNF-α: tumour necrosis factor alpha; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor.